The Future of Contextual Fear Learning for PTSD Research: A Methodological Review of Neuroimaging Studies

2017 ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Glenn ◽  
Victoria B. Risbrough ◽  
Alan N. Simmons ◽  
Dean T. Acheson ◽  
Daniel M. Stout
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning ◽  
Methodological Review ◽  
Contextual Fear ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Npas4a expression in the teleost forebrain is associated with stress coping style differences in fear learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Baker ◽  
Ryan Y. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Contextual Fear Conditioning ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Contextual Fear

AbstractLearning to anticipate potentially dangerous contexts is an adaptive behavioral response to coping with stressors. An animal’s stress coping style (e.g. proactive–reactive axis) is known to influence how it encodes salient events. However, the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying these stress coping style differences in learning are unknown. Further, while a number of neuroplasticity-related genes have been associated with alternative stress coping styles, it is unclear if these genes may bias the development of conditioned behavioral responses to stressful stimuli, and if so, which brain regions are involved. Here, we trained adult zebrafish to associate a naturally aversive olfactory cue with a given context. Next, we investigated if expression of two neural plasticity and neurotransmission-related genes (npas4a and gabbr1a) were associated with the contextual fear conditioning differences between proactive and reactive stress coping styles. Reactive zebrafish developed a stronger conditioned fear response and showed significantly higher npas4a expression in the medial and lateral zones of the dorsal telencephalon (Dm, Dl), and the supracommissural nucleus of the ventral telencephalon (Vs). Our findings suggest that the expression of activity-dependent genes like npas4a may be differentially expressed across several interconnected forebrain regions in response to fearful stimuli and promote biases in fear learning among different stress coping styles.

scholarly journals A Methodological Review of fNIRS in Driving Research: Relevance to the Future of Autonomous Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Balters ◽  
Joseph M. Baker ◽  
Joseph W. Geeseman ◽  
Allan L. Reiss
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Methodological Review ◽  
The Future

As automobile manufacturers have begun to design, engineer, and test autonomous driving systems of the future, brain imaging with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) can provide unique insights about cognitive processes associated with evolving levels of autonomy implemented in the automobile. Modern fNIRS devices provide a portable, relatively affordable, and robust form of functional neuroimaging that allows researchers to investigate brain function in real-world environments. The trend toward “naturalistic neuroscience” is evident in the growing number of studies that leverage the methodological flexibility of fNIRS, and in doing so, significantly expand the scope of cognitive function that is accessible to observation via functional brain imaging (i.e., from the simulator to on-road scenarios). While more than a decade’s worth of study in this field of fNIRS driving research has led to many interesting findings, the number of studies applying fNIRS during autonomous modes of operation is limited. To support future research that directly addresses this lack in autonomous driving research with fNIRS, we argue that a cogent distillation of the methods used to date will help facilitate and streamline this research of tomorrow. To that end, here we provide a methodological review of the existing fNIRS driving research, with the overarching goal of highlighting the current diversity in methodological approaches. We argue that standardization of these approaches will facilitate greater overlap of methods by researchers from all disciplines, which will, in-turn, allow for meta-analysis of future results. We conclude by providing recommendations for advancing the use of such fNIRS technology in furthering understanding the adoption of safe autonomous vehicle technology.

scholarly journals Nurse Leaders’ Reflections and Difficulties Fighting the NCP Epidemic： A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Lihua Tang ◽  
Huanyuan Da ◽  
Huan Lu ◽  
Xinping Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Nurse Leaders ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The Future ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Outstanding Leadership

Abstract Objective. To understand the difficulties and survival strategies in nursing during NCP outbreak, and to reflect and summarize the experience. Background. Since December 2019, the highly infectious novel coronavirus pneumonia overwhelmed health care systems and medical workers who had to provide care in situations involving high personal risk and stress, some becoming infected and dying. Nurse leaders had to develop new strategies for nursing care. Methods. Using the phenomenological research method in qualitative research, 8 head nurses who participated in NCP treatment were interviewed in-depth, and then Colaizzi 7-step analysis method was used to summarize.Results. Working under great pressure, nursing leaders led the team through a period of crisis: shock and fear, learning in chaos, supporting nurses, and rewarding nurses. Conclusion. As important intervention performers in the crisis, nurse leaders need to have their own outstanding leadership to effectively manage internal conflicts and interpersonal relationships, strengthen teamwork training and establish supportive system so as to better deal with the management of similar public health events in the future. Relevance to clinical practice. Findings will assist nurse leaders to prepare themselves in the outbreak. It is hoped that the results of this study will contribute to disaster management in similar infectious outbreaks in the future.

scholarly journals Isolation rearing-induced deficits in contextual fear learning do not require CRF2 receptors

2010 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi E. Gresack ◽  
Victoria B. Risbrough ◽  
Christine N. Scott ◽  
Sarah Coste ◽  
Mary Stenzel-Poore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning ◽  
Isolation Rearing ◽  
Contextual Fear

scholarly journals Elimination of Kalrn expression in POMC cells reduces anxiety-like behavior and contextual fear learning

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Mandela ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Taylor LaRese ◽  
Betty A. Eipper ◽  
Richard E. Mains
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning ◽  
Contextual Fear

Loss of Hippocampal Oligodendrocytes Contributes to the Deficit of Contextual Fear Learning in Adult Rats Experiencing Early Bisphenol A Exposure

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 4524-4536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bin Xu ◽  
Shi-Jun Fan ◽  
Ye He ◽  
Xin Ke ◽  
Chen Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Contextual Fear

scholarly journals BDNF Modulates Contextual Fear Learning during Adolescence

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Dincheva ◽  
Siobhan S. Pattwell ◽  
Lino Tessarollo ◽  
Kevin G. Bath ◽  
Francis S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning ◽  
Contextual Fear

scholarly journals Differential behavioral, stress, and sleep responses in mice with different delays of fear extinction

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Machida ◽  
Amy M Sutton ◽  
Brook L Williams ◽  
Laurie L Wellman ◽  
Larry D Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Contextual Fear Conditioning ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Contextual Fear ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Sleep Amount ◽  
Shock Training

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep, in particular rapid eye movement (REM), has been linked to fear learning and extinction; however, their relationship is poorly understood. We determined how different delays of extinction training (ET) impact fear-conditioned behaviors, changes in sleep, and stress responses. Methods EEG activity, movement, and body temperature in mice were monitored via telemetry. Following contextual fear conditioning (shock training [ST]), separate groups of mice were reexposed to the context at 24-hour post-ST (24h ET-1) and at 48-hour post-ST (48h ET-1). Post-ET sleep amount and sleep-associated EEG (delta and theta) activity were compared to baseline and to post-ST sleep. Freezing, locomotion, grooming, and rearing were monitored to determine effects of ET on fear behaviors. Body temperature immediately after ET was monitored to assess stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH). Results 24h ET-1 and 48h ET-1 produced similar freezing and REM reductions, but dissimilar rearing activity and SIH. 24h ET-1 was followed by periods of suppressed REM-associated theta (REM-θ) activity, immediately after ET and during the subsequent dark period. Suppressed REM-θ was specific to sleep after 24h ET-1, and did not occur after ST, nor after 48h ET-1. Conclusions ET-1 at 24 and 48 hours after ST was associated with similar freezing and REM amounts, but with differences in other overt behaviors, in REM-θ, and in SIH. Freezing was not predictive of changes in other fear-associated responses. This study demonstrated that consideration of time delay from fear acquisition to extinction is important when assessing the relationships between extinction and behavior, sleep, and stress responses.

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