scholarly journals Differential Receptor Usage of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Ovine and Caprine Cells: Host Range but not Cytopathic Phenotype Is Determined by Receptor Usage

Virology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 301 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidro Hötzel ◽  
William P. Cheevers
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Receptor Usage ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

scholarly journals Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Viruses ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1867-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Minardi da Cruz ◽  
Dinesh Singh ◽  
Ali Lamara ◽  
Yahia Chebloune
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
New Host ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

scholarly journals Worldwide Prevalence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Ricardo de Miguel ◽  
Marta Arrieta ◽  
Ana Rodríguez-Largo ◽  
Irache Echeverría ◽  
Raúl Resendiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are highly prevalent retroviruses with significant genetic diversity and antigenic heterogeneity that cause a progressive wasting disease of sheep called Maedi-visna. This work provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 40 years (1981–2020) of scientific publications on SRLV individual and flock prevalence. Fifty-eight publications and 314 studies were included. Most articles used a single diagnostic test to estimate prevalence (77.6%), whereas articles using three or more tests were scarce (6.9%). Serological tests are more frequently used than direct methods and ELISA has progressively replaced AGID over the last decades. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence (40.9%) and being the geographical area in which most studies have been performed. Africa, Asia, and North America show values between 16.7% to 21.8% at the individual level. South and Central America show the lowest individual SRLV prevalence (1.7%). There was a strong positive correlation between individual and flock prevalence (ρ = 0.728; p ≤ 0.001). Despite the global importance of small ruminants, the coverage of knowledge on SRLV prevalence is patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of a gold standard method and a defined sampling strategy among countries and continents.

The presence of small ruminant lentiviruses in Mexican Pelibuey sheep

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 1953-1957.e1 ◽  
Author(s):  
José H. Sánchez ◽  
Humberto A. Martínez ◽  
María M. García ◽  
Germán Garrido ◽  
Luis Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Pelibuey Sheep ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

scholarly journals Glycoprotein D-Independent Infectivity of Pseudorabies Virus Results in an Alteration of In Vivo Host Range and Correlates with Mutations in Glycoproteins B and H

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (21) ◽  
pp. 10054-10064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerg Schmidt ◽  
Volker Gerdts ◽  
Jörg Beyer ◽  
Barbara G. Klupp ◽  
Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Glycoprotein D ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Receptor Usage

ABSTRACT Infection of cells by herpesviruses is initiated by the interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with cellular receptors. In the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, the essential glycoprotein D (gD) mediates secondary attachment of virions to target cells by binding to newly identified cellular receptors (R. J. Geraghty, C. Krummenacher, G. H. Cohen, R. J. Eisenberg, and P. G. Spear, Science 280:1618–1620, 1998). However, in the presence of compensatory mutations, infection can also occur in the absence of gD, as evidenced by the isolation in cell culture of an infectious gD-negative PrV mutant (PrV-gD− Pass) (J. Schmidt, B. G. Klupp, A. Karger, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 71:17–24, 1997). PrV-gD− Pass is replication competent with an only moderate reduction in specific infectivity but appears to bind to receptors different from those recognized by wild-type PrV (A. Karger, J. Schmidt, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 72:7341–7348, 1998). To analyze whether this alteration in receptor usage in vitro influences infection in vivo, the model host mouse and the natural host pig were intranasally infected with PrV-gD− Pass and were compared to animals infected by wild-type PrV. For mice, a comparable progress of disease was observed, and all animals infected with mutant virus died, although they exhibited a slight delay in the onset of symptoms and, correspondingly, a longer time to death. In contrast, whereas wild-type PrV-infected pigs showed clinical signs and histological and histopathological findings typical of PrV infection, no signs of disease were observed after infection with PrV-gD− Pass. Moreover, in these animals, virus-infected cells were not detectable by immunohistochemical staining of different organ samples and no virus could be isolated from nasal swabs. Mutations in glycoproteins B and H were found to correlate with, and probably contribute to, gD-independent infectivity. In conclusion, although PrV-gD− Pass is virulent in mice, it is apparently unable to infect the natural host, the pig. This altered host range in vivo correlates with a difference of receptor usage in vitro and demonstrates for the first time the importance of gD receptors in alphaherpesvirus infection of an animal host.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of small-ruminant lentiviruses: characterization of Norwegian isolates of Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Gjerset ◽  
Anne K. Storset ◽  
Espen Rimstad
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Group Designation ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), including Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in goats and maedi-visna virus (MVV) in sheep, are lentiviruses that, despite overall similarities, show considerable genetic variation in regions of the SRLV genome. To gain further knowledge about the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among field isolates of SRLVs occurring in geographically distinct areas, the full-length genomic sequence of a CAEV isolate (CAEV-1GA) and partial env sequences obtained from Norwegian CAEV-infected goats were determined. The genome of CAEV-1GA consisted of 8919 bp. Alignment studies indicated significant diversity from published SRLV sequences. Deletions and hypervariability in the 5′ part of the env gene have implications for the size of the proposed CAEV-1GA Rev protein and the encoded surface glycoprotein (SU). The variable regions in the C-terminal part of SU obtained from Norwegian CAEV isolates demonstrate higher sequence divergence than has been described previously for SRLVs. Phylogenetic analysis based on SU sequences gives further support for a unique group designation. The results described here reveal a distant genetic relationship between Norwegian CAEV and other SRLVs and demonstrate that there is more geographical heterogeneity among SRLVs than reported previously.

scholarly journals Replication of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Aluminum Hydroxide-Induced Granulomas in Sheep: a Potential New Factor for Viral Dissemination

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. e01859-20
Author(s):  
Irache Echeverría ◽  
Ricardo de Miguel ◽  
Javier Asín ◽  
Ana Rodríguez-Largo ◽  
Antonio Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Body Distribution ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

ABSTRACTAluminum (Al)-based salts are widely used adjuvants in ruminants and other species to strengthen the immune response elicited against vaccine antigen(s). However, they can lead to the formation of long-lasting granulomas composed of abundant activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are widely distributed macrophage-tropic retroviruses that cause persistent infections in sheep and goats. Infected monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells establish an inflammatory microenvironment that eventually leads to clinical manifestations. The aim of this work was to study the effect of Al-induced granulomas in the replication and pathogenesis of SRLV. Eleven adult, naturally SRLV-infected sheep showing clinical arthritis were distributed in vaccine (n = 6), adjuvant-only (n = 3), and control (n = 2) groups and inoculated with commercial Al-based vaccines, Al hydroxide adjuvant alone, or phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated viral replication in Al-induced granulomas in 5 out of 10 sheep. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) evinced granular, intracytoplasmic SRLV presence in macrophages within granulomas. Viral sequences obtained from granulomas, blood monocytes, and other tissues were highly similar in most animals, suggesting virus circulation among body compartments. However, notable differences between isolated strains in granulomas and other tissues in specific animals were also noted. Interestingly, the B2 subtype was the most commonly found SRLV genotype, reaching a wider body distribution than previously described. Recombination events between genotypes B2 and A3 along the gag region were identified in two sheep. Our results indicate that Al-hydroxide-derived granulomas may represent an ideal compartment for SRLV replication, perhaps altering natural SRLV infection by providing a new, suitable target tissue.IMPORTANCE Granulomas are inflammation-derived structures elicited by foreign bodies or certain infections. Aluminum adjuvants included in vaccines induce granulomas in many species. In sheep, these are persistent and consist of activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), which are macrophage-tropic lentiviruses, cause a chronic wasting disease affecting animal welfare and production. Here, we studied the occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas retrieved from naturally infected ewes after vaccination or inoculation with aluminum only. SRLV infection was confirmed in granulomas by identification of viral proteins, genomic fragments, and enzymatic activity. The infecting SRLV strain, previously found exclusively in carpal joints, reached the central nervous system, suggesting that occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas may broaden tissue tropism. SRLV recombination was detected in inoculated animals, a rare event in sheep lentiviruses. Potentially, virus-host interactions within granulomas may modify viral pathogenesis and lead to more widespread infection.

scholarly journals Post-entry blockade of small ruminant lentiviruses by wild ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Sanjosé ◽  
Helena Crespo ◽  
Laure Blatti-Cardinaux ◽  
Idoia Glaria ◽  
Carlos Martínez-Carrasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses ◽  
Post Entry

scholarly journals Genome Analysis of North American Small Ruminant Lentiviruses by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Enzyme Analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Rosati ◽  
Jimmy Kwang ◽  
James E. Keen
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
North American ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Restriction Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Amplification Efficiency ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify portions of the gag and env structural genes of 8 ovine and 1 caprine lentivirus isolates of North American origin. Three sets of primers were used to amplify p16, p25, and Nî-gp40 gene fragments, and 1 set, annealing highly conserved portions of long terminal repeat (LTR) among small ruminant lentiviruses, was used as a positive control. Variable PCR amplification efficiency was observed. Different stringency conditions of hybridization with specific DNA probes were used to maximize detection of the PCR product. The p25 primers detected all strains, the gp40 primers detected 1 ovine and the caprine strain, and the p16 primers detected only 1 ovine isolate. All strains were detected by LTR primers. Restriction endonuclease analysis of 5 amplified p25 and 2 Nî-gp40 gene fragments revealed extensive heterogeneity among these North American small ruminant lentiviruses.

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