scholarly journals Recombinant Bovine Adenovirus Type 3 Expressing Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Glycoprotein E2 Induces an Immune Response in Cotton Rats

Virology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit K. Baxi ◽  
Dirk Deregt ◽  
Jill Robertson ◽  
Lorne A. Babiuk ◽  
Tobias Schlapp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Cotton Rats ◽  
Bovine Adenovirus Type 3 ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

scholarly journals Recent Advances on the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Molecular Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Vaccines Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati ◽  
Jamal Hussen ◽  
Mahmoud Kandeel ◽  
Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak ◽  
Maged Gomaa Hemida
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Molecular Pathogenesis ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
E2 Protein ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) consists of two species and various subspecies of closely related viruses of varying antigenicity, cytopathology, and virulence-induced pathogenesis. Despite the great ongoing efforts to control and prevent BVDV outbreaks and the emergence of new variants, outbreaks still reported throughout the world. In this review, we are focusing on the molecular biology of BVDV, its molecular pathogenesis, and the immune response of the host against the viral infection. Special attention was paid to discuss some immune evasion strategies adopted by the BVDV to hijack the host immune system to ensure the success of virus replication. Vaccination is one of the main strategies for prophylaxis and contributes to the control and eradication of many viral diseases including BVDV. We discussed the recent advances of various types of currently available classical and modern BVDV vaccines. However, with the emergence of new strains and variants of the virus, it is urgent to find some other novel targets for BVDV vaccines that may overcome the drawbacks of some of the currently used vaccines. Effective vaccination strategy mainly based on the preparation of vaccines from the homologous circulating strains. The BVDV-E2 protein plays important role in viral infection and pathogenesis. We mapped some important potential neutralizing epitopes among some BVDV genomes especially the E2 protein. These novel epitopes could be promising targets against the currently circulating strains of BVDV. More research is needed to further explore the actual roles of these epitopes as novel targets for the development of novel vaccines against BVDV. These potential vaccines may contribute to the global eradication campaign of the BVDV.

scholarly journals Fusion to C3d Enhances the Immunogenicity of the E2 Glycoprotein of Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1616-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshu Wang ◽  
J. Oriol Sunyer ◽  
Leonard J. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT The use of DNA and protein subunit vaccines in animals provides an opportunity to introduce vaccines that are arguably the safest that can be developed. For that reason, considerable effort is under way to devise methods of enhancing the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Seven years ago it was shown that fusing complement fragment C3d to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) enhanced the immunogenicity of HEL 10,000-fold. Based on this observation, we decided to evaluate the effect of C3d on the immunogenicity of the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). E2 is the major target of neutralizing antibody during BVDV infection. To test the effect of C3d on E2 immunogenicity, expression cassettes encoding a secreted form of E2 alone (E2s) or E2 fused to three copies of murine C3d (E2s-C3d) were constructed. The proteins were purified from the supernatants of transfected cells and used to immunize mice. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E2s-specific antibody and by a virus neutralization test. The ELISA results indicated that the E2s-C3d protein is 10,000-fold more immunogenic than the E2s protein alone. The maximum primary immune response was elicited with <0.1 μg of E2s-C3d protein without an adjuvant. In addition, we have shown for the first time that high levels of anti-E2s and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited when this same low concentration of E2s-C3d is used to both prime and boost the immune response. We conclude that the E2s-C3d fusion protein has significant potential as a subunit vaccine against BVDV infection.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Responses of Calves during Transient Infection with a Noncytopathic Strain of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Müller-Doblies ◽  
Adrian Arquint ◽  
Patrick Schaller ◽  
Peter M. H. Heegaard ◽  
Monika Hilbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Mx Protein ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT In this study, six immunocompetent calves were experimentally infected with a noncytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and the effects of the viral infection on parameters of the innate immune response of the host were analyzed. Clinical and virological data were compared with the temporal activation of the alpha/beta interferon-regulated Mx gene in white blood cells (WBC) and skin as well as the upregulation of the acute-phase serum proteins haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA). The viral strain used did provoke transient health impairment, namely, fever and leukopenia that were associated with viremia, viral shedding with nasal secretions, and antiviral seroconversion. Complete recovery was observed within 3 weeks. Elevated levels of SAA and Hp were apparent from days 4 to 13 and 8 to 11, respectively. In WBC, the levels of Mx mRNA and Mx protein were elevated from days 2 to 15. In the context of this study with BVDV, the level of Mx protein expression in WBC provided the most telling diagnostic window to monitor the host's ongoing innate immune response.

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