A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Tobacco Smoking and Other Modifiable Risk Factors on Ill Health in Middle-Aged and Old Americans

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Truls Østbye ◽  
Donald Hugh Taylor ◽  
Sang-Hyuk Jung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Middle Aged

scholarly journals Implementation strategies to improve preconception and antenatal care for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and weight management: a systematic review protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Doherty ◽  
Melanie Kingsland ◽  
Luke Wolfenden ◽  
John Wiggers ◽  
Julia Dray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Cochrane Central Register

Abstract Background Despite existing best practice care recommendations for addressing tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and weight management in preconception and antenatal care, such recommendations are often not implemented into routine practice. Effective strategies that target known barriers to implementation are key to reducing this evidence to practice gap. The aim of this review is to synthesise the evidence on the effectiveness of implementation strategies in improving the provision of preconception and antenatal care for these modifiable risk factors. Methods Randomised and non-randomised study designs will be eligible for inclusion if they have a parallel control group. We will include studies that either compare an implementation strategy to usual practice or compare two or more strategies. Participants may include any health service providing preconception or antenatal care to women and/or the health professionals working within such a service. The primary outcome will be any measure of the effectiveness of implementation strategies to improve preconception and/or antenatal care for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and/or weight management (including care to improve nutrition and/or physical activity). Secondary outcomes will include the effect of the implementation strategy on women’s modifiable risk factors, estimates of absolute costs or cost-effectiveness and any reported unintentional consequences. Eligible studies will be identified via searching Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Maternity and Infant Care, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and other sources (e.g. contacting experts in the field). Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias will be assessed independently by two review authors and differences resolved by a third reviewer. If data permits, we will conduct fixed-effects or random-effects meta-analysis where appropriate. If studies do not report the same outcome or there is significant heterogeneity, results will be summarised narratively. Discussion This review will identify which implementation strategies are effective in improving the routine provision of preconception and antenatal care for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and weight management. Such a review will be of interest to service providers, policy makers and implementation researchers seeking to improve women’s modifiable risk factors in preconception and antenatal care settings. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019131691

scholarly journals Risk factors for depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study in middle-aged and older adults

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Rutland-Lawes ◽  
Anna-Stiina Wallinheimo ◽  
Simon L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Increased Risk

Background The COVID-19 pandemic and resultant social restrictions have had widespread psychological ramifications, including a rise in depression prevalence. However, longitudinal studies on sociodemographic risk factors are lacking. Aims To quantify longitudinal changes in depression symptoms during the pandemic compared with a pre-pandemic baseline, in middle-aged and older adults, and identify the risk factors contributing to this. Method A total of 5331 participants aged ≥50 years were drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Self-reported depression symptoms in June/July 2020 were compared with baseline data from 2–3 years prior. Regression models investigated sociodemographic and lifestyle variables that could explain variance in change in depression. Results Within-participant depression scores increased significantly from pre-pandemic levels: 14% met the criteria for clinical depression at baseline, compared with 26% during the pandemic. Younger age, female gender, higher depression scores at baseline, living alone and having a long-standing illness were significant risk factors. Gender-stratified regression models indicated that older age was protective for women only, whereas urban living increased risk among women only. Being an alcohol consumer was a protective factor among men only. Conclusions Depression in UK adults aged ≥50 years increased significantly during the pandemic. Being female, living alone and having a long-standing illness were prominent risk factors. Younger women living in urban areas were at particularly high risk, suggesting such individuals should be prioritised for support. Findings are also informative for future risk stratification and intervention strategies, particularly if social restrictions are reimposed as the COVID-19 crisis continues to unfold.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk factors and memory decline in middle-aged and older adults: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Olaya ◽  
Maria Victoria Moneta ◽  
Martin Bobak ◽  
Josep Maria Haro ◽  
Panayotes Demakakos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
With Memory ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background We investigated the association between trajectories of verbal episodic memory and burden of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged and older community-dwellers. Methods We analysed data from 4372 participants aged 50–64 and 3005 persons aged 65–79 years old from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who were repeatedly evaluated every 2 years and had six interviews of a 10-year follow-up. We measured the following baseline risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity and obesity to derive a cardiovascular risk factor score (CVRFs). Adjusted linear mixed effect regression models were estimated to determine the association between number of CVFRs and six repeated measurements of verbal memory scores, separately for middle-aged and older adults. Results CVRFs was not significantly associated with memory at baseline. CVFRs was significantly associated with memory decline in middle-aged (50-64y), but not in older (65-79y) participants. This association followed a dose-response pattern with increasing number of CVFRs being associated with greater cognitive decline. Comparisons between none versus some CVRFs yielded significant differences (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings confirm that the effect of cumulative CVRFs on subsequent cognitive deterioration is age-dependent. CVRFs are associated with cognitive decline in people aged 50–64 years, but not in those aged ≥65 years. Although modest, the memory decline associated with accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors in midlife may increase the risk of late-life dementia.

scholarly journals Attributable Causes of Cancer in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Thuy Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Hung N. Luu ◽  
Mai Vu Tuyet Nguyen ◽  
Mo Thi Tran ◽  
Thuy Thi Van Tuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Alcohol Drinking ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
Fundamental Research

PURPOSE Vietnam is undergoing rapid socio-economic transition with an increasing cancer burden. The contribution of modifiable risk factors to cancers in Vietnam has not been studied. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the attributable causes of cancer in Vietnam. METHODS We reviewed the data on burden of cancer in Vietnam from 2 cancer registries in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City between 1995 and 2012. Next, we calculated the fractions of cancers occurring in 2018 attributable to established modifiable risk factors whose impact could be quantified. Data on exposure prevalence were obtained for the period from 2000 to 2010 from national sources wherever possible. RESULTS Cancer incidence in Vietnam has decreased slightly in both sexes. Cancer related to infectious agents decreased sharply, whereas cancer related to nutrition and metabolism has increased. In 2018, established carcinogens included in the analysis explained 47.0% of cancer burden in Vietnam. Chronic infections accounted for 29.1% of cancers (34.7% in men and 22.1% in women), tobacco smoking for 13.5% (23.9% in men and 0.8% in women), and alcohol drinking for 10.3%. Passive smoking was responsible for 8.8% of cancers in women. Other risk factors, including overweight or obesity, nulliparity, and low vegetable and fruit intake, accounted for < 1% of all cancers each. CONCLUSION Cancer incidence is slowly decreasing in Vietnam, and the causes of more than half of cancers remain unexplained. This result underlines the need for further epidemiologic and fundamental research. Our findings confirm the notion that controlling oncogenic infections and decreasing tobacco smoking are the most effective approaches to reduce the burden of cancer in Vietnam, but other risk factors, including alcohol drinking and diet, should not be neglected.

scholarly journals 'Generation Pup' – protocol for a longitudinal study of dog behaviour and health

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Katherine Murray ◽  
Rachel Heather Kinsman ◽  
Michelle Susannah Lord ◽  
Rosa Elizabete Pinto Da Costa ◽  
Joshua Luke Woodward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Preventative Health

Abstract Background Despite extensive research, many questions remain unanswered about common problems that impact dog welfare, particularly where there are multiple contributing factors that can occur months or years before the problem becomes apparent. The Generation Pup study is the first longitudinal study of dogs that recruits pure- and mixed-breed puppies, aiming to investigate the relative influence of environmental and genetic factors on a range of health and behaviour outcomes, (including separation related behaviour, aggression to familiar/unfamiliar people or dogs and obesity). This paper describes the study protocol in detail. Methods Prior to commencing recruitment of puppies, the study infrastructure was developed, and subject specialists were consulted to inform data collection methodology. Questionnaire content and timepoint(s) for data collection for outcomes and potential predictors were chosen with the aim of providing the best opportunity of achieving the aims of the study, subject to time and funding constraints. Recruitment of puppies (< 16 weeks, or < 21 weeks of age if entering the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland through quarantine) is underway. By 23 January 2020, 3726 puppies had been registered, with registration continuing until 10,000 puppies are recruited. Data collection encompasses owner-completed questionnaires issued at set timepoints throughout the dog’s life, covering aspects such as training, diet, exercise, canine behaviour, preventative health care, clinical signs and veterinary intervention. Owners can elect to submit additional data (health cards completed by veterinary professionals, canine biological samples) and/or provide consent for access to veterinary clinical notes. Incidence and breed associations will be calculated for conditions for which there is currently limited information (e.g. separation related behaviour). Multivariable statistical analysis will be conducted on a range of outcomes that occur throughout different life stages, with the aim of identifying modifiable risk factors that can be used to improve canine health and welfare. Discussion The Generation Pup project is designed to identify associations between early-life environment, genotypic make-up and outcomes at different life stages. Modifiable risk factors can be used to improve canine health and welfare. Research collaboration with subject specialists is welcomed and already underway within the fields of orthopaedic research, epilepsy, epigenetics and canine impulsivity.

scholarly journals Burden of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Teh ◽  
Y. L. Woon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Background This is a systematic assessment of the burden of cancers in Malaysia in 2018 using epidemiologic approach. The purpose of this study was to identify the proportion of cancers in Malaysia that were attributable to the modifiable risk factors of excess weight, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, tobacco smoking and to estimate the number of cancer cases that could be prevented if the exposure to the modifiable risk factor was reduced. Methods We estimated the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of the modifiable risk factors to cancers incidences in Malaysia. The two parameters used for the estimation were exposure prevalence from national representative surveys and the relative risk of getting the cancers from worldwide literature review. Results Among 38,426 cancer incidences in 2018 from Globocan data, we estimated that 22.2% (95% confidence interval (CI):14.9 to 29.6%) of the cancer incidences included in this study were attributable to the investigated modifiable risk factors. 39.1% (95% CI:27.2 to 49.7%) and 10.5% (95% CI:5.8 to 15.7%) of cancers in male and female respectively, were attributable to the studied modifiable risk factors. The top main cancers attributed by the risk factors were lung cancer (65.1%; 95% CI:56.4 to 72.9%), laryngeal cancer (63.6%; 95% CI:39.9 to 80.5%), and oesophageal cancer (51.5%; 95% CI:39.9 to 62.0%). For each risk factor studied across genders, tobacco smoking contributed the most (14.3%; 95% CI:9.9 to 17.3%), followed by excess weight (7.0%; 95% CI:4.1 to 10.2%), physical inactivity (1.0%; 95% CI:0.4 to 1.7%) and alcohol intake (0.6%; 95% CI:0.2 to 1.0%). Conclusion Findings from this study suggests that tobacco smoking and excess weight are the two predominant factors out of the four studied risk factors for cancer cases in Malaysia. Nationwide public health prevention campaigns tailored to these risk factors are recommended. However, the other risk factors such as physical inactivity and alcohol intake shall not be neglected. PAFs are estimated based on the best available data that we have currently. Regular collection of other risk factor exposure prevalence data is vital for future analyses.

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