Knowledge Encapsulation and the Intermediate Effect

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remy M.J.P. Rikers ◽  
Henk G. Schmidt ◽  
Henny P.A. Boshuizen
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Encapsulation ◽  
Intermediate Effect

scholarly journals Dual Process Theory and Intermediate Effect: Are Faculty and Residents' Performance on Multiple-Choice, Licensing Exam Questions Different?

2015 ◽  
Vol 180 (suppl_4) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Dong ◽  
Steven J. Durning ◽  
Anthony R. Artino ◽  
Cees van der Vleuten ◽  
Eric Holmboe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Dual Process Theory ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Licensing Examination ◽  
Intermediate Effect

ABSTRACT Background: Clinical reasoning is essential for the practice of medicine. Dual process theory conceptualizes reasoning as falling into two general categories: nonanalytic reasoning (pattern recognition) and analytic reasoning (active comparing and contrasting of alternatives). The debate continues regarding how expert performance develops and how individuals make the best use of analytic and nonanalytic processes. Several investigators have identified the unexpected finding that intermediates tend to perform better on licensing examination items than experts, which has been termed the “intermediate effect.” Purpose: We explored differences between faculty and residents on multiple-choice questions (MCQs) using dual process measures (both reading and answering times) to inform this ongoing debate. Method: Faculty (board-certified internists; experts) and residents (internal medicine interns; intermediates) answered live licensing examination MCQs (U.S. Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and American Board of Internal Medicine Certifying Examination) while being timed. We conducted repeated analysis of variance to compare the 2 groups on average reading time, answering time, and accuracy on various types of items. Results: Faculty and residents did not differ significantly in reading time [F (1, 35) = 0.01, p = 0.93], answering time [F (1, 35) = 0.60, p = 0.44], or accuracy [F (1, 35) = 0.24, p = 0.63] regardless of easy or hard items. Discussion: Dual process theory was not evidenced in this study. However, this lack of difference between faculty and residents may have been affected by the small sample size of participants and MCQs may not reflect how physicians made decisions in actual practice setting.

scholarly journals Lack of synergistic interaction between quercetin and catechin in systemic and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1287-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Menendez ◽  
Rosario Jimenez ◽  
Laura Moreno ◽  
Pilar Galindo ◽  
Angel Cogolludo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Rat Aorta ◽  
Relaxant Effect ◽  
Isobolographic Analysis ◽  
Scavenging Effect ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Intermediate Effect

Due to their ubiquitous distribution, flavonoids from different classes are commonly present together in foods. However, little is known about the interactions between them. The flavonol quercetin and the flavan-3-ol (+)-catechin are among the most abundant flavonoids in the diet. In the present study, we have analysed the interactions between these two flavonoids on vascular function using two pure compounds and mixtures of these flavonoids in 1:0·1, 1:1 or 1:10 proportions. Quercetin induced a more potent concentration-dependent relaxant effect than catechin in the isolated rat aorta, and the isobolographic analysis of the mixtures showed no synergistic or antagonistic effects between them, i.e. their effects were additive. Quercetin was more potent in mesenteric than in pulmonary arteries. Catechin had weak effects in these vessels and did not modify the effects of quercetin. Endothelial dysfunction induced by increased oxidative stress by the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate was prevented by quercetin, whereas catechin showed a weak effect and the 1:1 mixture an intermediate effect compared with the pure compounds. Quercetin but not catechin showed a pro-oxidant and NO-scavenging effect, which was not prevented by catechin. In conclusion, catechin was less potent than quercetin as a vasodilator, pro-oxidant or to prevent endothelial dysfunction, and there were no synergistic interactions between quercetin and catechin.

Competitive Memory Training (COMET) for Low Self-Esteem in Patients with Personality Disorders: A Randomized Effectiveness Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees Korrelboom ◽  
Marlies Marissen ◽  
Tanja van Assendelft
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Mental Health Institution ◽  
Intermediate Effect

Background: Self-esteem is a major concern in the treatment of patients with personality disorders in general. In patients with borderline personality disorder, low self-esteem is associated with factors contributing to suicidal and self-injurious behaviour. At the moment there are no well-proven interventions that specifically target low self-esteem. Recently, a new approach, Competitive Memory Training or COMET, aimed at the enhancement of retrieving beneficial information from memory, appeared to be successful in addressing low self-esteem in different patient populations. Aims: To assess whether COMET for low self-esteem is also an effective intervention for patients with personality disorders. Method: 91 patients with personality disorders who were already in therapy in a regular mental health institution were randomly assigned to either 7 group sessions of COMET in addition to their regular therapy or to 7 weeks of ongoing regular therapy. These latter patients received COMET after their “7 weeks waiting period for COMET”. All patients that completed COMET were contacted 3 months later to assess whether the effects of COMET had remained stable. Results: Compared to the patients who received regular therapy only, patients in the COMET + regular therapy condition improved significantly and with large effect sizes on indices of self-esteem and depression. Significant differential improvements on measures of autonomy and social optimism were also in favour of COMET, but had small to intermediate effect sizes. The therapeutic effects of COMET remained stable after 3 months on three out of the four outcome measures. Conclusion: COMET for low self-esteem seems to be an efficacious trans-diagnostic approach that can rather easily be implemented in the treatment of patients with personality disorders.

A new knowledgeable encapsulation method of steel production scheduling model

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (14) ◽  
pp. 1673-1685
Author(s):  
Xiaowu Chen ◽  
Guozhang Jiang ◽  
Gongfa Li ◽  
Ying Zuo ◽  
Feng Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Production Scheduling ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Interface Model ◽  
The Core ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
Encapsulation Method ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Knowledge Encapsulation ◽  
Web Platform

The steel production scheduling is a typical continuous/discrete hybrid process; it is dynamic and difficult to predict. The scheduling model is the core object of steel production scheduling, and its modeling methods directly affect the precise decision-making and execution efficiency of scheduling. However, the current linear program and simulation model do not yet realize the scheduling model quick reuse and dynamic construction. Therefore, a new model knowledgeable encapsulation method is proposed, which consists of a knowledgeable encapsulation framework and knowledgeable mapping method. The knowledgeable encapsulation framework includes the model knowledge description interface, model knowledge publication interface, model knowledge behavior interface, and a web platform. The interfaces and the platform are designed to help model providers to encapsulate the scheduling model in an open network environment. The mapping method is constructed to strengthen the relationship between the model knowledge. Finally, a knowledge encapsulation platform is established to verify the effectiveness of the model knowledge encapsulation method.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Dynamic Welding of AgW60, CuW60 and Cu Contact Materials in Symmetrical and Asymmetric Pairing at 270VDC/200A

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Y. Liao ◽  
D. Zhang ◽  
M. He ◽  
M. Hasegawa ◽  
Z. Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Contact Material ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Contact Materials ◽  
Dc Voltage ◽  
Welding Properties ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Welding Force ◽  
Average Average ◽  
Intermediate Effect

<p>With the use of contact material simulating test device, experiments are conducted for the contact materials AgW60, CuW60 and Cu and their different pairing under the conditions of DC voltage and current 270VDC/200A and surrounding atmosphere of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The welding resistance, average welding force and the relationship between welding force and the number of operations during welding were measured and analyzed. Experiments show that the anti-welding ability of the three materials in the symmetric pairing of carbon dioxide and nitrogen is ranked as AgW60&gt;Cu&gt;CuW60. The "intermediate effect" occurs in the anti-welding properties of the asymmetric pairing. The relationship between the number of operations required for each welding and the average average welding force is approximately an inverse proportional function.</p>

scholarly journals Diversity of the Senescence Phenotype of Cancer Cells Treated with Chemotherapeutic Agents

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bojko ◽  
Joanna Czarnecka-Herok ◽  
Agata Charzynska ◽  
Michal Dabrowski ◽  
Ewa Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Secretory Phenotype ◽  
Paclitaxel Treatment ◽  
Senescence Phenotype ◽  
Mcf 7 ◽  
Intermediate Effect

It is acknowledged that cancer cells are able to undergo senescence in response to clinically used chemotherapeutics. Moreover, recent years have provided evidence that some drugs can selectively remove senescent cells. Therefore, it is essential to properly identify and characterize senescent cells, especially when it comes to cancer. Senescence was induced in various cancer cell lines (A549, SH-SY-5Y, HCT116, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7) following treatment with doxorubicin, irinotecan, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, or paclitaxel. Treatment with tested chemotherapeutics resulted in upregulation of p21 and proliferation arrest without cytotoxicity. A comparative analysis with the use of common senescence markers (i.e., morphology, SA-β-galactosidase, granularity, secretory phenotype, and the level of double-stranded DNA damage) revealed a large diversity in response to the chemotherapeutics used. The strongest senescence inducers were doxorubicin, irinotecan, and methotrexate; paclitaxel had an intermediate effect and oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil did not induce senescence. In addition, different susceptibility of cancer cells to senescence was observed. A statistical analysis aimed at finding any relationship between the senescence markers applied did not show clear correlations. Moreover, increased SA-β-gal activity coupled with p21 expression proved not to be an unequivocal senescence marker. This points to a need to simultaneously analyze multiple markers, given their individual limitations.

Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow Angle

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. A. Graziano ◽  
Kaushal T. Patel ◽  
Charlotte S. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Ventral Part ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Cortical Map ◽  
Intermediate Effect

This experiment used cortical microstimulation to probe the mapping from primary motor cortex to the biceps and triceps muscles of the arm in monkeys. The mapping appeared to change depending on the angle at which the elbow was fixed. For sites in the dorsal part of the arm and hand representation, the effects of stimulation were consistent with initiating a movement of the elbow to an extended angle. Stimulation evoked more triceps activity than biceps activity, and this difference was largest when the elbow was fixed in a flexed angle. For sites in the ventral part of the arm and hand representation, stimulation had the opposite effect, consistent with initiating a movement of the elbow to a flexed angle. For these sites, stimulation evoked more biceps activity than triceps activity, and the difference was largest when the elbow was fixed in an extended angle. For sites located in intermediate positions, stimulation evoked an intermediate effect consistent with initiating a movement of the elbow to a middle, partially flexed angle. For these sites, when the elbow was fixed at a flexed angle, the evoked activity was largest in the triceps, and when the elbow was fixed at an extended angle, the evoked activity was largest in the biceps. These effects were obtained with 400-ms-long trains of biphasic pulses presented at 200 Hz and 30 μA. They were also obtained by averaging the effects of individual, 30-μA pulses presented at 15 Hz. How this stimulation-evoked topography relates to the normal function of motor cortex is not yet clear. One hypothesis is that these results reflect a cortical map of desired joint angle.

scholarly journals Knowledge encapsulation for focused search from pervasive devices

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yariv Aridor ◽  
David Carmel ◽  
Yoelle S. Maarek ◽  
Aya Soffer ◽  
Ronny Lempel
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Encapsulation
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