Suitability of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA for Genetic Markers in the Aphid Parasitoid, Aphelinus asychis Walker

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Kazmer ◽  
K.R. Hopper ◽  
D.M. Coutinot ◽  
D.G. Heckel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Aphelinus Asychis

CONSPECIFIC SUPERPARASITISM IN TWO PARASITOID WASPS, APHIDIUS ERVI HALIDAY AND APHELINUS ASYCHIS WALKER: REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES INFLUENCE HOST DISCRIMINATION

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1229-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bai
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Host Discrimination ◽  
Larval Competition ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Aphelinus Asychis ◽  
Physiological Suppression

AbstractConspecific host discrimination and larval competition in two aphid parasitoid species were studied in the laboratory using the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), as a host. Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) used internal host cues to discriminate between unparasitized and conspecific parasitized hosts. When only parasitized hosts were available, females oviposited into recently parasitized ones where their progeny had a good chance to survive, but rejected those parasitized ≥24 h earlier where their offspring normally died. Competitions occurred only after both eggs had hatched. Larvae eliminated supernumeraries by means of physical combat and physiological suppression. In Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), factors, or changes in host internal condition, associated with hatching of the first egg resulted in suppression of conspecific competitors which could be in either larval or egg stage. The older larvae always won competitions through physiological means. A wasp’s oviposition decision is shown to be influenced by the probability of its progeny’s survival. Species that have different reproductive strategies may respond differently to identical host conditions.

scholarly journals 678 PB 186 RAPD GENETIC MARKERS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSA GENETIC RESOURCES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 530a-530
Author(s):  
R.L. Jarret ◽  
K.V. Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Principal Coordinate Analysis ◽  
Phenetic Analysis ◽  
Similarity Coefficients ◽  
Primer Sequence

Fifty-seven accessions of Musa including cultivated clones Of 6 genomic groups (AA, AB, AAA, AAB, ABB, ABBB), M. balbisiana (BB), M. acuminata ssp. banksii (AA), M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis (AA) and M. velutina were examined for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers using PCR with sixty 10-mer random primers. Forty-nine of 60 tested primers gave reproducible DNA amplification patterns. The number of bands resolved per amplification was primer dependent and varied from 1 to a maximum of 24. The size range of the amolification products also differed with the select& primer sequence/genotype and ranged from 0.29 to 3.0 kb. RAPD data were used to generate Jaccard's similarity coefficients which were analyzed phenetically. Phenetic analysis separated clones into distinct groupings that were in agreement with clusterings revealed when data were subsequently analyzed by principal coordinate analysis (PCO). In both the phenetic and the PCO analyses, previously unclassified cultivars grouped with cultivars previously classified for their genomic group based on morphological keys. The implications of RAPD analysis for Musa germplasm classification, clonal identification, and management are discussed.

scholarly journals Identifying Molecular Genetic Markers Associated with Seedlessness in Grape

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Striem ◽  
G. Ben-Hayyim ◽  
P. Spiegel-Roy
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Molecular Genetic Markers ◽  
Seed Content ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Excluding seeded offspring at an early stage could be of great value to the breeder concerned with the development of seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). We used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique to identify molecular genetic markers, analyzing 82 individuals of a progeny resulting from a cross between `Early Muscat' (seeded) and `Flame Seedless'. Seven variables representing the traits of seedlessness were analyzed: mean fresh weight of one seed, total fresh weight of seeds per berry, perception of seed content, seed size categories evaluated visually, degree of hardness of the seed coat, degree of development of the endosperm, and degree of development of the embryo. Among 160 10mer primers, 110 gave distinct band patterns. Twelve markers yielded significant correlations with several subtraits of seedlessness, mainly with the mean fresh weight of one seed and the total fresh weight of seeds per berry. Multiple linear regression analysis resulted in high coefficients, such as R = 0.779 for fresh weight of seeds per berry, when the seven markers were included as independent variables in the model. Most of the seeded individuals, about 44% of the progeny, could be excluded using a two-step process of marker assisted selection.

scholarly journals An identification tool for the Australian weedy Sporobolus species based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangita Shrestha ◽  
Stephen W. Adkins ◽  
Glenn C. Graham ◽  
Donald S. Loch
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Species Specific

Based on morphological features alone, there is considerable difficulty in identifying the 5 most economically damaging weed species of Sporobolus [viz. S. pyramidalis P. Beauv., S. natalensis (Steud.) Dur and Schinz, S. fertilis (Steud.) Clayton, S. africanus (Poir.) Robyns and Tourney, and S. jacquemontii Kunth.] found in Australia. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based random amplified of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to create a series of genetic markers that could positively identify the 5 major weeds from the other less damaging weedy and native Sporobolus species. In the initial RAPD profiling experiment, using arbitrarily selected primers and involving 12 species of Sporobolus, 12 genetic markers were found that, when used in combination, could consistently identify the 5 weedy species from all others. Of these 12 markers, the most diagnostic were UBC51490 for S. pyramidalis and S. natalensis; UBC43310, 2000, 2100 for S. fertilis and S. africanus; and OPA20850 and UBC43470 for S. jacquemontii. Species-specific markers could be found only for S. jacquemontii. In an effort to understand why there was difficulty in obtaining species-specific markers for some of the weedy species, a RAPD data matrix was created using 40 RAPD products. These 40 products amplified by 6 random primers from 45 individuals belonging to 12 species, were then subjected to numerical taxonomy and multivariate system (NTSYS pc version 1.70) analysis. The RAPD similarity matrix generated from the analysis indicated that S. pyramidalis was genetically more similar to S. natalensis than to other species of the ‘S. indicus complex’. Similarly, S. jacquemontii was more similar to S. pyramidalis, and S. fertilis was more similar to S. africanus than to other species of the complex. Sporobolus pyramidalis, S. jacquemontii, S. africanus, and S. creber exhibited a low within-species genetic diversity, whereas high genetic diversity was observed within S. natalensis, S. fertilis, S. sessilis, S. elongates, and S. laxus. Cluster analysis placed all of the introduced species (major and minor weedy species) into one major cluster, with S. pyramidalis and S. natalensis in one distinct subcluster and S. fertilis and S. africanus in another. The native species formed separate clusters in the phenograms. The close genetic similarity of S. pyramidalis to S. natalensis, and S. fertilis to S. africanus may explain the difficulty in obtaining RAPD species-specific markers. The importance of these results will be within the Australian dairy and beef industries and will aid in the development of integrated management strategy for these weeds.

HOST DISCRIMINATION BY THE APHID PARASITOID APHELINUS ASYCHIS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE): WHEN SUPERPARASITISM IS NOT ADAPTIVE

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bai ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Aphelinus Asychis ◽  
Solitary Parasitoid ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Host Rejection

AbstractFemales of the solitary parasitoid Aphelinus asychis Walker discriminated between unparasitized and parasitized second-instar nymphs of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Wasps normally avoided superparasitism, except when they were confined with few hosts for a long time. Parasitoid females did not need previous experience with unparasitized aphids (learning) in order to discriminate. They probed with the ovipositor any aphids encountered, a behaviour suggesting that host acceptance and rejection were determined by internal cues. Prolonged ovipositor insertion (>80 s) was correlated with host acceptance and egg deposition, but short insertion times (≤80 s) generally indicated host rejection. Females tended to reject both self- and conspecific-parasitized aphids when provided with two of each kind. We consider hypotheses mat conspecific superparasitism may be adaptive and give examples to show exceptions. We propose that, in egg-limited parasitoid species such as A. asychis, a reproductive strategy based on the regulation of egg production and on oosorption can explain the equal avoidance of self and conspecific superparasitism.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZING RAPD MARKERS FOR ONION GENOMIC DNA ANALYSIS

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 435a-435
Author(s):  
Ruwanthi C. Wettashinghe ◽  
Ellen B. Peffley
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Dna Isolation ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) are genetic markers that facilitate selection in plant breeding. To obtain clear reproducible, and repeatable RAPD bands, four DNA extraction protocols and two Taq polymerases were compared using thirteen TG1015Y (Allium cepa) genotypes. Protocols for DNA extraction followed those of a modified Tai and Tanksley, 1989 (PMBR); a modified Dellaporta et al., 1983 (PMBR); a modified Guillemunt et al., 1992 (PMBR); and extracted with a plant tissue DNA isolation kit from Gentra System (Minneapolis). The modified Guillemunt protocol was selected due to ease of extraction and cost effectiveness. Polymerases compared were Taq and Taq Stoffel fragment. Results are based on three separate amplifications and electrophoretic assays. PCR amplifications of Stoffel fragment produced more scorable and reproducible RAPD bands compared to bands produced using Taq polymerase.

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