scholarly journals Savings and losses of global water resources in food‐related virtual water trade

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfeng Liu ◽  
Marta Antonelli ◽  
Matti Kummu ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Pute Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Global Water

scholarly journals Virtual Water Trade in the Yellow River Economic Belt: A Multi-Regional Input-Output Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 748
Author(s):  
Ming Li ◽  
Qingsong Tian ◽  
Yan Yu ◽  
Yueyan Xu ◽  
Chongguang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Virtual Water Trade

The sustainable and efficient use of water resources has gained wide social concern, and the key point is to investigate the virtual water trade of the water-scarcity region and optimize water resources allocation. In this paper, we apply a multi-regional input-output model to analyze patterns and the spillover risks of the interprovincial virtual water trade in the Yellow River Economic Belt, China. The results show that: (1) The agriculture and supply sector as well as electricity and hot water production own the largest total water use coefficient, being high-risk water use sectors in the Yellow River Economic Belt. These two sectors also play a major role in the inflow and outflow of virtual water; (2) The overall situation of the Yellow River Economic Belt is virtual water inflow, but the pattern of virtual water trade between eastern and western provinces is quite different. Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia belong to the virtual water net inflow area, while the virtual water net outflow regions are concentrated in Shanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Qinghai; (3) Due to higher water resource stress, Shandong and Shanxi suffer a higher cumulative risk through virtual water trade. Also, Shandong, Henan, and Inner Mongolia have a higher spillover risk to other provinces in the Yellow River Economic Belt.

scholarly journals Water saving through international trade of agricultural products

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Chapagain ◽  
A. Y. Hoekstra ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Global Water ◽  
National Water

Abstract. Many nations save domestic water resources by importing water-intensive products and exporting commodities that are less water intensive. National water saving through the import of a product can imply saving water at a global level if the flow is from sites with high to sites with low water productivity. The paper analyses the consequences of international virtual water flows on the global and national water budgets. The assessment shows that the total amount of water that would have been required in the importing countries if all imported agricultural products would have been produced domestically is 1605 Gm3/yr. These products are however being produced with only 1253 Gm3/yr in the exporting countries, saving global water resources by 352 Gm3/yr. This saving is 28 per cent of the international virtual water flows related to the trade of agricultural products and 6 per cent of the global water use in agriculture. National policy makers are however not interested in global water savings but in the status of national water resources. Egypt imports wheat and in doing so saves 3.6 Gm3/yr of its national water resources. Water use for producing export commodities can be beneficial, as for instance in Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Brazil, where the use of green water resources (mainly through rain-fed agriculture) for the production of stimulant crops for export has a positive economic impact on the national economy. However, export of 28 Gm3/yr of national water from Thailand related to rice export is at the cost of additional pressure on its blue water resources. Importing a product which has a relatively high ratio of green to blue virtual water content saves global blue water resources that generally have a higher opportunity cost than green water.

scholarly journals Global effects of local food-production crises: a virtual water perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Tamea ◽  
Francesco Laio ◽  
Luca Ridolfi
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Virtual Displacement ◽  
Local Food Production ◽  
Global Water

Abstract By importing food and agricultural goods, countries cope with the heterogeneous global water distribution and often rely on water resources available abroad. The virtual displacement of the water used to produce such goods (known as virtual water) connects together, in a global water system, all countries participating to the international trade network. Local food-production crises, having social, economic or environmental origin, propagate in this network, modifying the virtual water trade and perturbing local and global food availability, quantified in terms of virtual water. We analyze here the possible effects of local crises by developing a new propagation model, parsimonious but grounded on data-based and statistically-verified assumptions, whose effectiveness is proved on the Argentinean crisis in 2008–09. The model serves as the basis to propose indicators of crisis impact and country vulnerability to external food-production crises, which highlight that countries with largest water resources have the highest impact on the international trade and that not only water-scarce but also wealthy and globalized countries are among the most vulnerable to external crises. The temporal analysis reveals that global average vulnerability has increased over time and that stronger effects of crises are now found in countries with low food (and water) availability.

Game Analysis of Virtual Water Trade under the Perspective of International Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 2046-2050
Author(s):  
Chun Yue Wang ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Game Analysis

As the global water resource is becoming more and more serious,a new way of solving the water resources problems with the idea of virtual water trade gains attention gradually.Using the prisoner’s dilemma in game theory model,analyzes the water resource game and international trade respectively.Combines the water resource and its security with the international trade,then build the game model of virtual water trade.Through analysis of these three games,find the water resources and the international trade game have equilibrium differences and complementarities returns,the implementation of virtual water trade will make both parties achieve even greater gains in terms of cooperation, increasing the possibility of breaking the prisoner's dilemma. Therefore,combine the water resources with the international trade will ensure a country’s water security in a larger extent and avoid producing high transfer cost and ecological destruction.

scholarly journals Assessment of Blue and Green Virtual Water Trade: A Case Study of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Shiv Narayan Nishad ◽  
Naresh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Sustainability ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Design For Sustainability ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Impact

Declining water resources and increasing demand of water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic sector and potential climate change has posed a major challenge to maintain water sustainability of a nation. There is a need to adopt long-term perspective for assessment and policy design for sustainability of primary resources like water. It is also argued that virtual water trade has raised issues of water sustainability as even small but continuous net virtual water trade may influence the water sustainability through irreversible losses. With the constraints for water sustainability, virtual water trade has received much attention in the recent years. While the impact of virtual water trade on water sustainability of virtual water exporter country is less explored and assessed. India is a major water exporting country resulted tremendous pressure on water resources that has serious threat to food security and the negative impact on development of economy and other sectors.

Virtual water flows and trade liberalization

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ramirez-Vallejo ◽  
P. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
The Impact

The linkages between agricultural trade and water resources need to be identified and analyzed to better understand the potential impacts that a full liberalization, or lack thereof, will have on water resources. This paper examines trade of virtual water embodied in agricultural products for most countries of the world. The main purpose of the paper, however, is to examine the impact of trade liberalization on virtual-water trade in the future. Based on a simulation of global agricultural trade, a scenario of full liberalization of agriculture was used to assess the net effect of virtual water flows from the relocation of meat and cereals’ trade. The paper also identifies the main reasons behind the changes in the magnitude and direction of the net virtual water trade over time, and shows that virtual water trade flows are independent of water resource endowments, contrary to what the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem states. Finally, based on a formal model, some input demand functions at the country level are estimated. The estimates of the income and agricultural support elasticities of demand for import of virtual water have the expected sign, and are statistically significant. Variables found to have some explanatory power of the variance of virtual water imports are average income; population; agriculture as value added; irrigated area, and exports of goods and services.

scholarly journals Virtual water trade and its implications on water sustainability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiv Narayan Nishad ◽  
Naresh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Sustainability ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract Limited and declining water resources, increasing demand of water resources from different sectors has posed a major challenge for maintaining water sustainability and thus overall sustainability for a populous and water scarce country like India. Over extraction and changing climate have put additional pressure to maintain water sustainability. Therefore, there is a need of proper planning of utilization and management of water resource. Recently, virtual water trade has received much attention and become important tool for balancing the water budget. On the other hand, virtual water trade may also adversely effects on water balance of exporter's country as well as economy. Analysis of virtual water trade with its implications on water resources are missing, hence, there is a need of such analysis that will help in management of water resources. In this study an attempt is made to present a quantitative analysis of virtual water trade and its implications on water sustainability. For this study rice crop is considered only due to its characteristics as rice is major water consumer crop and water exporter crop from India.

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