Maximising the fuel efficiency of engine oils: The role of tribology

Tribotest ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Korcek ◽  
Ronald K. Jensen ◽  
Milton D. Johnson ◽  
Jagadish Sorab
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Engine Oils

The green airliner that never was: aerodynamic theory, fuel-efficiency and the role of the British state in aviation technology in the mid-twentieth century

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-254
Author(s):  
GRAHAM SPINARDI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Laminar Flow ◽  
Flow Control ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Laminar Flow Control ◽  
The Government ◽  
Flying Wings ◽  
British State

AbstractTwo aerodynamic concepts theorized in the early twentieth century – laminar-flow control and flying wings – offer the potential for more efficient aircraft. However, despite compelling advantages on paper and optimistic predictions, the fuel-saving benefits of these technologies have not yet been fully realized. This paper documents British work on these concepts, with a particular focus on laminar-flow control. Faced with an increasingly difficult funding context and a lack of a clear military rationale, these potentially significant advances in aircraft efficiency were stymied by a catch-22: the government was only prepared to provide financial support for the development of an operational prototype if operational performance had already been demonstrated. This case also highlights the challenges faced in the commercial uptake of radical aviation technologies, even when they appear to offer greater efficiency and environmental benefits.

Nanoscale Studies of the Role of ZDDPs in the Wear Protection in the Automobile Engine

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Norton ◽  
Gavin Pereira ◽  
Yue-Rong Li ◽  
Andreas Lachenwitzer ◽  
Masoud Kasrai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Oil Additives ◽  
Wear Protection ◽  
Alternative Materials ◽  
Dialkyl Dithiophosphates

The improvement of fuel consumption is an important driving force for research and development in the automobile industry in order to minimize greenhouse gas emissions as well as improving fuel economy. Aluminum alloys are a class of alternative materials that are being used to replace cast iron in motor components due to the concomitant weight savings which result in improved fuel efficiency, and cost savings. Our research focuses on these alternative Al-based alloys as well as traditional steel interfaces, and the protective films that form on the surfaces. Currently the zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates (ZDDPs) have been used as engine oil additives for over 60 years. They are important chemically-active additives, known for their antioxidant and antiwear characteristics. ZDDPs are known to form a protective film (tribofilms) at rubbed surfaces, typically on iron containing metals surfaces commonly used in the automotive industry; however ZDDPs and the products formed are not well suited for the environment as they can readily poison the catalytic converters and their efficacy on Al-Si alloys is not well established.

Dimensions of Automobile Demand: An Overview of an Australian Research Project

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1339-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Hensher
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
The State ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Automobile Demand ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
Vehicle Technology ◽  
Vehicle Purchase

The major objective of the study of the dimensions of automobile demand (1981–1988) is to obtain reliable forecasts of the variables which drive the fundamental energy equation: energy consumed (litres) = efficiency of technology (litres per 100 kilometres) × utilisation rate (kilometres per period). Since the level of utilisation is unlikely to be independent of the state of technology, and since both dimensions are conditioned by the state of the economy and the nature of households as well as by the extent of corporate-sector support to the household sector, it is necessary to view the levels of vehicle usage and vehicle fuel efficiency as outputs of the broader household decision process. This broader context can be represented by a study of the household's choice of automobiles (by number and composition) and level of utilisation. This perspective enables us to view vehicle efficiency and utilisation as derivatives of a study of the household's demand for mobility services, which is derived from the demand for end activities (consumption of goods and leisure). Since we are especially interested in the role of fuel prices and vehicle technology in the household's decision on the level of vehicle utilisation, it is desirable to monitor the response path of a sample of households over a period of time. A single cross-section approach cannot identify the influence of changing fuel prices on vehicle use, nor can it adequately accommodate the temporal relationship between vehicle purchase/disposal decisions and the utilisation rate. To represent satisfactorily the role of policy variables (for example, fuel prices, taxes associated with vehicle possession, standards for vehicle technology) in the context of the wider set of influences on household automobile possession and usage, the study members have developed an econometric model system which jointly models the household's choice of vehicles and utilisation level over the period 1981–1985. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions of the project and, where appropriate, introduces some preliminary findings. The project in its entirety is due for completion in late 1988.

The Role of Interaction Patterns with Hybrid Electric Vehicle Eco-Features for Drivers’ Eco-Driving Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias G. Arend ◽  
Thomas Franke
Keyword(s):  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Eco Features

Objective: The objective of the present research was to understand drivers’ interaction patterns with hybrid electric vehicles’ (HEV) eco-features (electric propulsion, regenerative braking, neutral mode) and their relationship to fuel efficiency and driver characteristics (technical system knowledge, eco-driving motivation). Background: Eco-driving (driving behaviors performed to achieve higher fuel efficiency) has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions caused by road vehicles. Eco-driving in HEVs is particularly challenging due to the systems’ dynamic energy flows. As a result, drivers are likely to show diverse eco-driving behaviors, depending on factors like knowledge and motivation. The eco-features represent an interface for the control of the systems’ energy flows. Method: A sample of 121 HEV drivers who had constantly logged their fuel consumption prior to the study participated in an online questionnaire. Results: Drivers’ interaction patterns with the eco-features were related to fuel efficiency. A common factor was identified in an exploratory factor analysis, characterizing the intensity of actively dealing with electric energy, which was also related to fuel efficiency. Driver characteristics were not related to this factor, yet they were significant predictors of fuel efficiency. Conclusion: From the perspective of user–energy interaction, the relationship of the aggregated factor to fuel efficiency emphasizes the central role of drivers’ perception of and interaction with energy conversions in determining HEV eco-driving success. Application: To arrive at an in-depth understanding of drivers’ eco-driving behaviors that can guide interface design, authors of future research should be concerned with the psychological processes that underlie drivers’ interaction patterns with eco-features.

The Role of Communications in Cyber-Physical Vehicle Applications

2010 ◽  
pp. 139-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas F. Maxemchuk ◽  
Patcharinee Tientrakool ◽  
Theodore L. Willke
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Improve Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Control Traffic ◽  
Transportation Applications

Cyber-physical systems use sensing, communications, and computing to control the operation of physical devices. Sensing and computing devices have been embedded in automobiles and in the transportation infrastructure. Communications adds a new dimension to the capabilities of these systems. The embedded computers and sensors in both vehicles and the infrastructure will be networked into cyber-physical systems that reduce accidents, improve fuel efficiency, increase the capacity of the transportation infrastructure, and reduce commute times. The authors describe applications that improve the operation of automobiles, control traffic lights, and distribute the load on roadways. The requirements on the communications protocols that implement the applications are determined and a new communications paradigm, neighborcast, is described. Neighborcast communicates between nearby entities, and is particularly well suited to transportation applications.

scholarly journals Role of Engine and Driveline Lubricants in Fuel Efficiency - Summary Report

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai G. Bansal ◽  
George Fenske ◽  
Mark Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Summary Report

Peak Oil Demand: The Role of Fuel Efficiency and Alternative Fuels in a Global Oil Production Decline

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 8031-8041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Brandt ◽  
Adam Millard-Ball ◽  
Matthew Ganser ◽  
Steven M. Gorelick
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Oil Demand

The engineering options for mitigating the climate impacts of aviation

2007 ◽  
Vol 365 (1861) ◽  
pp. 3047-3059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Williams
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Traffic System ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide

Aviation is a growing contributor to climate change, with unique impacts due to the altitude of emissions. If existing traffic growth rates continue, radical engineering solutions will be required to prevent aviation becoming one of the dominant contributors to climate change. This paper reviews the engineering options for mitigating the climate impacts of aviation using aircraft and airspace technologies. These options include not only improvements in fuel efficiency, which would reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, but also measures to reduce non-CO 2 impacts including the formation of persistent contrails. Integrated solutions to optimize environmental performance will require changes to airframes, engines, avionics, air traffic control systems and airspace design. While market-based measures, such as offset schemes and emissions trading, receive growing attention, this paper sets out the crucial role of engineering in the challenge to develop a ‘green air traffic system’.

scholarly journals Lubrication Performance of Engine Commercial Oils with Different Performance Levels: The Effect of Engine Synthetic Oil Aging on Piston Ring Tribology under Real Engine Conditions

Lubricants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Nikolakopoulos ◽  
Stamatis Mavroudis ◽  
Anastasios Zavos
Keyword(s):  
Piston Ring ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Automotive Engine ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Engine Systems

To further improve efficiency in automotive engine systems, it is important to understand the generation of friction in its components. Accurate simulation and modeling of friction in machine components is, amongst other things, dependent on realistic lubricant rheology and lubricant properties, where especially the latter may change as the machine ages. Some results of research under laboratory conditions on the aging of engine commercial oils with different performance levels (mineral SAE 30, synthetic SAE10W-40, and bio-based) are presented in this paper. The key role of the action of pressure and temperature in engine oils’ aging is described. The paper includes the results of experiments over time in laboratory testing of a single cylinder motorbike. The aging of engine oil causes changes to its dynamic viscosity value. The aim of this work is to evaluate changes due to temperature and pressure in viscosity of engine oil over its lifetime and to perform uncertainty analysis of the measured values. The results are presented as the characteristics of viscosity and time in various temperatures and the shear rates/pressures. This paper also includes a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, applying the experimental results in the piston ring tribology problem.

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