scholarly journals The Crystallinity and Aspect Ratio of Cellulose Nanomaterials Determine Their Pro‐Inflammatory and Immune Adjuvant Effects In Vitro and In Vivo

Small ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (42) ◽  
pp. 1901642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Chong Hyun Chang ◽  
Jinhong Jiang ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Yu‐Pei Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Immune Adjuvant ◽  
Cellulose Nanomaterials ◽  
Adjuvant Effects

scholarly journals FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BUDESONIDE PELLETS CONTAINING NATURAL GUMS FOR COLON TARGETING

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2825-2831
Author(s):  
Rijawan Rajjak Pathan
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Solvent Mixture ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus ◽  
Vitro Release ◽  
Natural Gum

Pellets formulation with natural gums. The formulation of an enzyme as well as pH dependant pellets containing natural gums such as Mornings oleifera gum Lam. (MOG) and Cyamopsis tetragonolobus gum Taub. (CTG) were used for enzyme dependant release and further coating is provided to shows colon-specific delivery. Extrusion and spheronization techniques were used for the preparation of pellets. Pellets of budesonide evaluated for various properties such as flow behavior, physical properties such as sphericity, roundness, aspect ratio, hardness, and friability also investigated in vitro and in vivo targeting in rabbit. Preparation of pellets was done by using extrusion and spheronization method with the use of optimized concentration of gums those were 7.5% and 10% for CTG and MOG respectively and proportion of solvent mixture of water and Isopropyl alcohol in the ratio of 80:20. Pellets of budesonide evaluated for various properties includes flow behavior, physical properties such as sphericity, roundness, aspect ratio, hardness, and friability and found that all properties as per official limit also in vitro release study found that release of uncoated pellets in a sustained manner in 0.1N HCl for 2h due to swelling of natural gum, therefore further step of the coating was done in fluidized bed coater to prevent the release of drug in the upper part of GIT and after coating found that In vitro release of drug at the colonic environment and it confirmed with in vivo investigation in rabbit with X-ray examination of targeting and found that pellets reach at colonic part without disintegration. The use of natural gums for preparation of pellets in optimized concentration and wetting agent produce a formulation with all required chemical and physical properties and it gives effective in vitro release and also shows In vivo targeting in rabbit and due to use of natural gum for preparation of pellets also reduce some problems of metabolism of synthetic excipients.

The influence of shape and sliding distance of femoral head movement loci on the wear of acetabular cups in total hip arthroplasty

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bennett ◽  
J F Orr ◽  
D E Beverland ◽  
R Baker
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Average Aspect Ratio ◽  
Sliding Distance

Wear of the polyethylene acetabular component is the most serious threat to the long-term success of total hip replacements (THRs). Greatly reduced wear rates have been reported for unidirectional, compared to multidirectional, articulation in vitro. This study considers the multidirectional motions experienced at the hip joint as described by movement loci of points on the femoral head for individual THR patients. A three-dimensional computer program determined the movement loci of selected points on the femoral head for THR patients and normal subjects using kinematic data obtained from gait analysis. The sizes and shapes of these loci were quantified by their sliding distances and aspect ratios with substantial differences exhibited between individual THR patients. The average sliding distances ranged from 10.0 to 18.1 mm and the average aspect ratios of the loci ranged from 2.5 to 9.2 for the THR patients. Positive correlations were found between wear rate and average sliding distance, the inverse of the average aspect ratio of the loci and the product of the average sliding distance and the inverse of the average aspect ratio of the loci. Patients with a normal hip joint range of motion produce multidirectional motion loci and tend to experience more wear than patients with more unidirectional motion loci. Differing patterns of multidirectional motion at the hip joint for individual THR patients may explain widely differing wear rates in vivo.

scholarly journals Immunoadjuvant Activity of Fucoidans from the Brown Alga Fucus evanescens

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Kuznetsova ◽  
Tatyana P. Smolina ◽  
Ilona D. Makarenkova ◽  
Lydmila A. Ivanushko ◽  
Elena V. Persiyanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Brown Alga ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Fucus Evanescens ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Adjuvant Effects ◽  
Antigen Presenting

The study presents the results of a comparative evaluation of the effect of structural modifications of fucoidans from the brown alga Fucus evanescens (native, highly purified product of fucoidan enzymatic hydrolysis, a new regular 1→3;1→4-α-L-fucan, sulphated mainly at C2 and acetylated at C4 of the fucose residue) on the effector functions of innate and adaptive immunity cells in vitro and in vivo. Using flow cytometry, we found that all examined fucoidans induce the maturation of dendritic cells, enhance the ability of neutrophils to migrate and adhere, activate monocytes and enhance their antigen-presenting functions, and increase the cytotoxic potential of natural killers. Fucoidans increase the production of hepatitis B virus (HBs) specific IgG and cytokine Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4) profiles in vivo. The data obtained suggest that in vitro and in vivo adjuvant effects of the products of fucoidan enzymatic hydrolysis with regular structural characteristics are comparable to those of the native fucoidan. Based on these data, the products of fucoidan enzymatic hydrolysis can be considered as an effective and safe candidate adjuvant to improve the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

The aspect ratio effect of drug nanocrystals on cellular internalization efficiency, uptake mechanisms, and in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficiencies

Nanoscale ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3588-3593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baishun Tian ◽  
Xiujuan Zhang ◽  
Caitong Yu ◽  
Mengjiao Zhou ◽  
Xiaohong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Cellular Internalization ◽  
Ratio Effect ◽  
Uptake Mechanisms

The aspect ratio effect of drug nanocrystals on their in vitro cellular internalizing efficiency and in vivo antitumor efficiency was investigated.

scholarly journals Adjuvant Effects for Oral Immunization Provided by Recombinant Lactobacillus casei Secreting Biologically Active Murine Interleukin-1β

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinobu Kajikawa ◽  
Kazuya Masuda ◽  
Mitsunori Katoh ◽  
Shizunobu Igimi
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Intestinal Loop ◽  
Adjuvant Effects

ABSTRACT Vaccine delivery systems using lactic acid bacteria are under development, but their efficiency is insufficient. Autologous cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are potential adjuvants for mucosal vaccines and can be provided by recombinant lactic acid bacteria. The aim of this study was the construction and evaluation of recombinant Lactobacillus casei producing IL-1β as an adjuvant delivery agent. The recombinant strain was constructed using an expression/secretion vector plasmid, including a mature IL-1β gene from mouse. The biological activity of the cytokine was confirmed by IL-8 production from Caco-2 cells. In response to the recombinant L. casei secreting IL-1β, expression of IL-6 was detected in vivo using a ligated-intestinal-loop assay. The release of IL-6 from Peyer's patch cells was also detected in vitro. Intragastric immunization with heat-killed Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) in combination with IL-1β-secreting lactobacilli resulted in relatively high SE-specific antibody production. In this study, it was demonstrated that recombinant L. casei secreting bioactive murine IL-1β provided adjuvant effects for intragastric immunization.

scholarly journals Cholera Toxin Indirectly Activates Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro through the Production of Soluble Factors, Including Prostaglandin E2 and Nitric Oxide

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Bagley ◽  
Sayed F. Abdelwahab ◽  
Robert G. Tuskan ◽  
George K. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Adjuvant Effects ◽  
Camp Levels ◽  
Dc Maturation

ABSTRACT Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent adjuvant that activates dendritic cells (DC) by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. In vivo and in vitro, very small amounts of CT induce potent adjuvant effects and activate DC. We hypothesized that DC intoxicated by CT may release factors that enhance their own maturation and induce the maturation of toxin-free bystander DC. Through the use of mixed cultures and transwell cultures, we found that human monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) pulsed with CT or other cAMP-elevating agonists induce the maturation of bystander DC. Many DC agonists including CT increase the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO). For this reason, we determined whether the actions of PGE2 or NO are involved in the maturation of MDDC induced by CT or dibutyryl-cAMP (d-cAMP). We found that blocking the production of PGE2 or blocking prostaglandin receptors inhibited MDDC maturation induced by CT and d-cAMP. Likewise, sequestering NO or blocking the downstream actions of NO resulted in the inhibition of MDDC maturation induced by CT and d-cAMP. These results indicate that endogenously produced factors including PGE2 and NO contribute to the maturation of DC induced by CT and that these factors participate in bystander DC maturation. The results of this study may help explain why bacterial toxins that elevate cAMP are such potent adjuvants.

scholarly journals Surface chemistry but not aspect ratio mediates the biological toxicity of gold nanorods in vitro and in vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Wan ◽  
Jia-Hong Wang ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Zhixiong Xie ◽  
Xue-Feng Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Gold Nanorods ◽  
Biological Toxicity

scholarly journals The FomA Porin from Fusobacterium nucleatum Is a Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonist with Immune Adjuvant Activity

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deana N. Toussi ◽  
Xiuping Liu ◽  
Paola Massari
Keyword(s):  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Adjuvant Effect ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Immune Adjuvant

ABSTRACTMany bacterial components selectively activate immune and nonhematopoietic target cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling; modulation of such host responses defines the immune adjuvant properties of these bacterial products. For example, the outer membrane protein porins fromNeisseria,Salmonella, andShigellaare known TLR2 agonists with established systemic and mucosal immune adjuvanticity. Early work indicated that the FomA porin fromFusobacterium nucleatumhas immune adjuvant activity in mice. Using a purified recombinant FomA, we have verified its immune stimulatory properties and have defined a role for TLR2 signaling in itsin vitroandin vivoactivity. FomA induces interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and NF-κB-dependent luciferase activity in HEK cells expressing TLR2, IL-6 secretion, and cell surface upregulation of CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II in primary B cells from wild-type mice, but it fails to activate cells from TLR2 knockout mice. Accordingly, the immune adjuvant activity of FomA is also TLR2 dependent. In a mouse model of immunization with ovalbumin (OVA), FomA induces enhanced production of OVA-specific IgM and IgG, including IgG1 and IgG2b antibodies, as well as enhanced secretion of IL-10 and IL-6, consistent with a Th2-type adjuvant effect. We also observe a moderate production of anti-FomA antibodies, suggesting that FomA is also immunogenic, a quality that is also TLR2 dependent. Therefore, modulation of host immune responses by FomA may be effective for targeting general host immunity not only to pathogens (as a novel TLR2 adjuvant) but also toF. nucleatumitself (as an antigen), expanding its use as a self-adjuvanted antigen in an immunization strategy against polymicrobial infections, including those byF. nucleatum.

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