Effects of Chewing Gum on Stress and Health: A Replication and Investigation of Dose-Response

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Stress And Health

Cigarette and Nicotine Chewing Gum Toxicity in Children

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Smolinske ◽  
D.G. Spoerke ◽  
S.K. Spiller ◽  
K.M. Wruk ◽  
K. Kulig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Cigarette Butts

A prospective review of 51 cases of tobacco ingestion and 5 cases of nicotine resin chewing gum exposure was conducted to evaluate the incidence and degree of toxicity caused by these products in children. A dose-response relationship was observed for cigarette exposures. Nine of 10 children ingesting more than one cigarette or three cigarette butts developed signs or symptoms, while 12 of 24 ingesting lesser amounts became symptomatic (P < 0.01). Severe symptoms (e.g. limb jerking and unresponsiveness) were only seen with the larger amounts. Nicotine resin gum produced toxicity in 4 of 5 children who chewed 1/2 to 4 pieces. Agitation, lethargy, tachycardia, hypotension, abdominal pain, and vomiting were seen within 30 min of exposure to the gum.

Chewing gum, stress and health

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Paul Smith
Keyword(s):  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Stress And Health

scholarly journals Nutrition, hormetic stress and health

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Toxic Agent ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
Stress And Health

Hormesis defines an effect where exposure to a low dose of a toxic agent results in a beneficial response. It has been described in organisms exposed to low-dose radiation, heat stress, and chemicals. The effect is characterised by a J-shaped dose–response as opposed to a linear dose–response. Confirmation of the general phenomena of hormesis has proved difficult due to the lack of appropriate methodology and the absence of well-defined mechanisms to support the experimental observations. In the nutritional field there are few reports of its existence. The clearest illustration of the effect is seen in animals that are energy restricted when there is a clear benefit in the reduction of age-related disease, and an extension of maximum lifespan. DNA microarray experiments have shown that there is a down regulation of the stress-response genes that are up regulated through the ageing process. Electrophilic phytochemicals, that have been shown to have beneficial health effects at low doses, up regulate the antioxidant–electrophile response element. This probably occurs through an alteration in the redox state of the target cells which causes activation of protein kinases, the activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor and the up regulation of the phase II enzymes, similar to responses that occur under mild chemical stress. This situation might enable organisms to adapt to stress such that the effects of a subsequent exposure to a harmful challenge are reduced. There may be a permanent alteration in cellular homeostasis, or redox state, if the low level exposure is maintained. It remains to be proven if such a situation occurs in response to chronic low-dose exposure to dietary phytochemicals such that the target cells are better able to respond to a subsequent stress challenge.

scholarly journals Mutans Streptococci Dose Response to Xylitol Chewing Gum

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Milgrom ◽  
K.A. Ly ◽  
M.C. Roberts ◽  
M. Rothen ◽  
G. Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva

Xylitol is promoted in caries-preventive strategies, yet its effective dose range is unclear. This study determined the dose-response of mutans streptococci in plaque and unstimulated saliva to xylitol gum. Participants (n = 132) were randomized: controls (G1) (sorbitol/maltitol), or combinations giving xylitol 3.44 g/day (G2), 6.88 g/day (G3), or 10.32 g/day (G4). Groups chewed 3 pellets/4 times/d. Samples were taken at baseline, 5 wks, and 6 mos, and were cultured on modified Mitis Salivarius agar for mutans streptococci and on blood agar for total culturable flora. At 5 wks, mutans streptococci levels in plaque were 10x lower than baseline in G3 and G4 (P = 0.007/0.003). There were no differences in saliva. At 6 mos, mutans streptococci in plaque for G3 and G4 remained 10x lower than baseline (P = 0.007/0.04). Saliva for G3 and G4 was lower than baseline by 8 to 9x (P = 0.011/0.038). Xylitol at 6.44 g/day and 10.32 g/day reduces mutans streptococci in plaque at 5 wks, and in plaque and unstimulated saliva at 6 mos. A plateau effect is suggested between 6.44 g and 10.32 g xylitol/day.

Dose-Response Relationships to Pancreozymin in Normal Subjects and Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

1963 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald H. Hanscom ◽  
Armand Littman ◽  
Jack V. Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Normal Subjects

291 Normal myocardial dose-response to dobutamine as assessed by tissue Doppler stress echocardiography

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. S47-S47
Author(s):  
N PAYNE ◽  
R GROCOTTMASON ◽  
A IONESCU ◽  
B SJOBERG ◽  
I SANDBLOM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Stress Echocardiography ◽  
Tissue Doppler
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