How the prescription charge system works ‘Down Under’

AbstrakIndonesia 's Regional Representatives Board is planning to submit a Bill onenvironmental services. The Bill proposes the establishment of a newinstitution in managing environmental service fund, which is collectedthrough a user-charge system. This new institution is expected to be anindependent Commission of Environmental Funds Management, of whichcommissioners are responsible only to the President. The author finds thatthe spirit of the Bill has nothing to do with the needs to implement economicinstruments in terms of user charge. Instead, the Bill stems from the needs toprivatize public goods such as environmental services. The spirit can be seenin the forms of reference to Hardin's "the Tragedy of the Commons ", inwhich public goods are considered a form of inefficiency in the allocation ofresources that will eventually lead to the overexploitation of the goods. Inaddition, the spirit of privatization can also be seen in the Bill's proposal tohand over the tasks of the Commission, which include planning, execution,and monitoring, to private entities. The author argues that, with such spiritof privatization in the management of natural resources, the Bill is actuallyinconstitutional, and hence, should be rejected.

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THE PRESCRIPTION CHARGE

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(64)92634-0 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 284 (7369) ◽

pp. 1119-1120

Author(s):

R.L. Batten ◽

L.R. Baruch

Keyword(s):

Prescription Charge

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Uncontrolled Storage Test of the Modular Artillery Charge System (MACS)

10.21236/ada420025 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Chandrark Patel ◽

William Zepp

Keyword(s):

Storage Test ◽

Charge System

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Move-and-Charge System for Automatic Guided Vehicles

IEEE Transactions on Magnetics ◽

10.1109/tmag.2018.2829727 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 54 (11) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chaoqiang Jiang ◽

K. T. Chau ◽

Chunhua Liu ◽

Christopher H. T. Lee ◽

Wei Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Charge System ◽

Automatic Guided Vehicles

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Comparing drug costs in rheumatic diseases

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin ◽

10.1136/dtb.13.15.59 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 59-60

Keyword(s):

Drug Costs ◽

Cost Comparison ◽

Therapeutic Group ◽

Retail Pharmacy ◽

Family Doctors ◽

Wide Range ◽

Prescription Charge ◽

The Difference ◽

Term Maintenance

When there is little to choose between different drugs available for the same purpose, as in the case of the anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs discussed in the preceding article, it is reasonable to make the choice on grounds of cost. It can however be difficult to construct a meaningful cost comparison for the drugs in a particular therapeutic group. One obvious problem is that of dosage, for it is not clear which dose in a wide range should be chosen for the comparison. Perhaps the most appropriate dosage is that most commonly used (the modal dosage) in long-term maintenance therapy. The modal dose could be derived from an analysis of prescriptions, or estimated approximately from clinical trial reports, or from a consensus view of clinicians with experience of the drug. But provided the dose used in a comparison is clearly stated the result should not mislead anyone, even if the dose is chosen arbitrarily. A second problem is the difference in drug costs in hospitals and in retail pharmacy. Hospital prices are generally not published, and vary between different hospitals, whereas retail pharmacy prices are published and uniform. Some manufacturers have deliberately charged hospitals low prices for a drug and retail pharmacists high prices, presumably to increase use of the drug in hospitals which are more cost-conscious, and which also influence prescribing by family doctors in their catchment area. As long as such multiple pricing continues it seems more practical to base comparisons on retail costs. Thirdly, should non-drug costs be included, such as the pharmacist’s fee, on-cost allowance, and container allowance; and should the sum collected as prescription charge be deducted? Since on the whole these items are constant, they do not affect the essentials of comparisons and they may just as well be omitted.

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