Metribuzin transport in undisturbed soil cores under controlled water potential conditions: experiments and modelling to evaluate the risk of leaching in a sandy loam soil profile

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Pot ◽  
Pierre Benoit ◽  
Mona Le Menn ◽  
Ole-Martin Eklo ◽  
Tore Sveistrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores ◽  
Potential Conditions

Chromium(VI) leaching from large undisturbed soil lysimeters following application of a simulated copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA) timber preservative

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Carey ◽  
V. J. Bidwell ◽  
R. G. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
First Order ◽  
Copper Chromium ◽  
Soil Lysimeters

Copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) solutions are commonly used in New Zealand as a means of preserving softwood timbers such as Pinus radiata. With stock working solutions of CCA salts in timber treatment plants frequently 10% w/v or more, there exists a potential for spillage and leaching of these compounds to groundwater. High concentrations of Cr(VI) (up to 52 mg Cr/L) were found in the leachates of large undisturbed soil lysimeters where a Templeton sandy loam (Immature Pallic) had received surface applications of a simulated copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) timber preservative. Leaching was produced by using a combination of natural and imposed rainfall simulation over the lysimeters for a period of 102 days after CCA application. An average of 26% of the applied chromium was collected in the leachates after 102 days. Of the mean 74% of Cr(VI) still retained within the soil profile after leaching ended, almost half was located in the top 100 mm of the profile. No copper or arsenic was detected in any of the lysimeter leachates, with soil analysis indicating that these elements had been retained within the soil profile. In an incubation study, soil cores sampled from the same Templeton sandy loam and split into alternate 50-mm segments (to 450 mm) were stored at 10˚C for 102 days after addition of an identical CCA solution. These were periodically extracted for available chromium. Results showed that the reduction of dichromate/chromate anions (Cr2O72–/CrO42–) to the strongly sorbed chromic cation (Cr3+) was largely first-order and greatest in surface layers where soil organic matter contents were largest. After 102 days, <1% of the added Cr(VI) was still extractable in the 0–50 mm soil cores whilst ≈60% of Cr(VI) in the 400–450 mm cores (or deeper) was still extractable after the same period. A linear systems model comprising a series of conceptual mixing cells was used to describe the individual and mean Cr(VI) leaching breakthrough curves (BTCs). This State-Space Mixing Cell model proved effective in simulating the Cr(VI) leaching using first-order kinetics to quantify rate-limited local solute adsorption coupled to advective-dispersive transport. The solute mass involved in the model process was ≈30%. The bulk of the remaining 70% of applied dichromate was assumed to have undergone reduction to the non-mobile chromium cation. This study shows that there exists a significant potential for Cr(VI) to be a serious threat to groundwater in the event of a large uncontained spillage of a concentrated CCA solution. This potential can be significantly lessened if the Cr(VI) is reduced after retention in an organic matter rich layer.

scholarly journals Estimating the van Genuchten retention curve parameters of undisturbed soil from a single upward infiltration measurement

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Moret-Fernández ◽  
C. Peña-Sancho ◽  
B. Latorre ◽  
Y. Pueyo ◽  
M. V. López
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores

Estimation of the soil–water retention curve, θ(h), on undisturbed soil samples is of paramount importance to characterise the hydraulic behaviour of soils. Although a method of determining parameters of the water retention curve (α, a scale parameter inversely proportional to mean pore diameter and n, a measure of pore size distribution) from saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), sorptivity (S) and the β parameter, using S and β calculated from the inverse analysis of upward infiltration (UI) has been satisfactorily applied to sieved soil samples, its applicability to undisturbed soils has not been tested. The aim of the present study was to show that the method can be applied to undisturbed soil cores representing a range of textures and structures. Undisturbed soil cores were collected using stainless steel cylinders (5cm internal diameter×5cm high) from structured soils located in two different places: (1) an agricultural loam soil under conventional, reduced and no tillage systems; and (2) a loam soil under grazed and ungrazed natural shrubland. The α and n values estimated for the different soils using the UI method were compared with those calculated using time domain reflectometry (TDR) pressure cells (PC) for pressure heads of –0.5, –1.5, –3, –5, –10 and –50kPa. To compare the two methods, α values measured with UI were calculated to the drying branch of θ(h). For each treatment, three replicates of UI and PC calculations were performed. The results showed that the 5-cm high cylinders used in all experiments provided accurate estimates of S and β. Overall, the α and n values estimated with UI were larger than those measured with PC. These differences could be attributed, in part, to limitations of the PC method. On average, the n values calculated from the optimised S and β data were 5% larger than those obtained with PC. A relationship with a slope close to 1 fitted the n values estimated using both methods (nPC=0.73 nUI+0.49; R2=0.78, P<0.05). The results show that the UI method is a promising technique to estimate the hydraulic properties of undisturbed soil samples.

Corrigendum to: Chromium(IV) leaching from large undisturbed soil lysimeters following application of a simulated copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA) timber preservative

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Carey ◽  
V. D. Bidwell ◽  
R. G. McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
First Order ◽  
Copper Chromium ◽  
Soil Lysimeters

Copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) solutions are commonly used in New Zealand as a means of preserving softwood timbers such as Pinus radiata. With stock working solutions of CCA salts in timber treatment plants frequently 10&percnt; w&sol;v or more, there exists a potential for spillage and leaching of these compounds to groundwater. High concentrations of Cr(VI) (up to 52 mg Cr&sol;L) were found in the leachates of large undisturbed soil lysimeters where a Templeton sandy loam (Immature Pallic) had received surface applications of a simulated copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) timber preservative. Leaching was produced by using a combination of natural and imposed rainfall simulation over the lysimeters for a period of 102 days after CCA application. An average of 26&percnt; of the applied chromium was collected in the leachates after 102 days. Of the mean 74&percnt; of Cr(VI) still retained within the soil profile after leaching ended, almost half was located in the top 100 mm of the profile. No copper or arsenic was detected in any of the lysimeter leachates, with soil analysis indicating that these elements had been retained within the soil profile. In an incubation study, soil cores sampled from the same Templeton sandy loam and split into alternate 50-mm segments (to 450 mm) were stored at 10&ring;C for 102 days after addition of an identical CCA solution. These were periodically extracted for available chromium. Results showed that the reduction of dichromate&sol;chromate anions (Cr2O72–&sol;CrO42–) to the strongly sorbed chromic cation (Cr3&plus;) was largely first-order and greatest in surface layers where soil organic matter contents were largest. After 102 days, &lt;1&percnt; of the added Cr(VI) was still extractable in the 0–50 mm soil cores whilst ≈60&percnt; of Cr(VI) in the 400–450 mm cores (or deeper) was still extractable after the same period. A linear systems model comprising a series of conceptual mixing cells was used to describe the individual and mean Cr(VI) leaching breakthrough curves (BTCs). This State-Space Mixing Cell model proved effective in simulating the Cr(VI) leaching using first-order kinetics to quantify rate-limited local solute adsorption coupled to advective-dispersive transport. The solute mass involved in the model process was ≈30&percnt;. The bulk of the remaining 70&percnt; of applied dichromate was assumed to have undergone reduction to the non-mobile chromium cation. This study shows that there exists a significant potential for Cr(VI) to be a serious threat to groundwater in the event of a large uncontained spillage of a concentrated CCA solution. This potential can be significantly lessened if the Cr(VI) is reduced after retention in an organic matter rich layer.

INFLUENCE OF BULK DENSITY AND FIELD STRUCTURE OF SOIL ON THE CALIBRATION CURVES OF GYPSUM MOISTURE BLOCKS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
S. J. Bocrget
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Structure ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Field Density ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Loam Soil

Gypsum moisture blocks were calibrated in the laboratory in undisrupted soil cores, in soil cores which had been repacked to field density, and in unpacked soil baskets. Three soil types were used. It was found that the calibration curves obtained in the repacked soil cores and in the soil baskets were different from those obtained in the undisrupted soil cores. This indicates that the disruption of both structure and bulk density influenced the calibration of gypsum blocks. The effects were greater on the fine textured than on the coarse textured soils. The influence of bulk density was not important on a sandy loam soil. The variations in soil moisture obtained ranged from 1 to 6 per cent within the available water range.

scholarly journals Biochar increases plant-available water in a sandy loam soil under an aerobic rice crop system

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 939-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. de Melo Carvalho ◽  
A. de Holanda Nunes Maia ◽  
B. E. Madari ◽  
L. Bastiaans ◽  
P. A. J. van Oort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of biochar rate (0, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha−1) on the water retention capacity (WRC) of a sandy loam Dystric Plinthosol. The applied biochar was a by-product of slow pyrolysis (∼450 °C) of eucalyptus wood, milled to pass through a 2000 μm sieve that resulted in a material with an intrinsic porosity ≤10 μm and a specific surface area of ∼3.2 m2 g−1. The biochar was incorporated into the top 15 cm of the soil under an aerobic rice system. Our study focused on both the effects on WRC and rice yields 2 and 3 years after its application. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from 16 plots in two soil layers (5–10 and 15–20 cm). Soil water retention curves were modelled using a nonlinear mixed model which appropriately accounts for uncertainties inherent of spatial variability and repeated measurements taken within a specific soil sample. We found an increase in plant-available water in the upper soil layer proportional to the rate of biochar, with about 0.8% for each Mg ha−1 biochar amendment 2 and 3 years after its application. The impact of biochar on soil WRC was most likely related to an effect in overall porosity of the sandy loam soil, which was evident from an increase in saturated soil moisture and macro porosity with 0.5 and 1.6% for each Mg ha−1 of biochar applied, respectively. The increment in soil WRC did not translate into an increase in rice yield, essentially because in both seasons the amount of rainfall during the critical period for rice production exceeded 650 mm. The use of biochar as a soil amendment can be a worthy strategy to guarantee yield stability under short-term water-limited conditions. Our findings raise the importance of assessing the feasibility of very high application rates of biochar and the inclusion of a detailed analysis of its physical and chemical properties as part of future investigations.

scholarly journals Hyperspectral imaging for high-resolution mapping of soil profile organic carbon distribution in an Austrian Alpine landscape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaser Ostovari ◽  
Baptist Köppendörfer ◽  
Julien Guigue ◽  
Jan Willem Van Groenigen ◽  
Rachel Creamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores ◽  
Soc Stocks

&lt;p&gt;Studies on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks mostly focus on topsoils (&lt; 30 cm). However, 30 to 63% of the SOC are stored in the subsoils (30 to 100 cm), and the factors controlling SOC storage in subsoils may be substantially different than in topsoils. The low mean SOC content in subsoils makes its quantification and characterization challenging. Thus, new approaches are required to depict the SOC stocks distribution in full soil profile. Hyperspectral imaging of soil core samples can provide high spatial resolution of the vertical distribution of SOC in a soil profile. The main objective of the ongoing study, within the Horizon 2020 European Project Circular Agronomics, is to apply laboratory hyperspectral imaging with a variety of machine learning approaches for the mapping of OC distribution in undisturbed soil cores. Soil cores were collected down to a depth of one meter in grasslands of 15 organic farms located in the Lungau Valley, in Austria. Some samples were divided into five depths in the field for classical bulk soil measurements (total carbon and nitrogen, texture, pH, EC and bulk density) on disturbed samples. Undisturbed soil cores were sliced vertically for laboratory hyperspectral imaging in the range of Vis-NIR (400-1000 nm). We were able to reveal the hotspots of OC and map the OC distribution in soil profile by applying a variety of machine learning approaches (i.e. partial least square and random forest regression) as a function of spectral responses. A digital elevation model was further exploited to investigate the effects of topographical factors such as elevation, aspect and slope on SOC profile distribution. Landsat 8 data were also used to depict the spatial variability of land insensitive cover/vegetation in study area.&lt;/p&gt;

The effect of tillage and KCl addition on pH, conductance, NO3-N, P, K and Cl distribution in the soil profile

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Distribution of NO3, P, K, Cl, pH and conductance through the soil profile were measured on two soil types after 4 yr of crop production using zero tillage (ZT) or conventional tillage (CT), with or without addition of KCl. All plots received N and P fertilizer each year as banded applications. Surface concentrations of NO3-N were higher under ZT than CT, particularly on the fine sandy loam soil. Accumulation of NO3-N also occurred in the 60- to 120-cm zone, under both tillage systems in both soils. Carryover of NO3-N was substantially greater on the silty clay than the fine sandy loam soil. Phosphate accumulated at the depth of band application in both soils under both tillage systems. Potassium concentration was generally higher under ZT than CT in the surface 15 cm of both soils, presumably due to surface retention of K from fertilizer applications and crop residues. Chloride was higher under ZT than CT in the surface 5 cm of both soils, but was higher under CT than ZT in the 30- to 60-cm and 60- to 120-cm depths in the silty clay soil, if KCl had been applied. The pH on both soils under both tillage systems was reduced in the 10- to 12.5-cm soil depth, corresponding to the zone of fertilizer application. On the silty clay soil, pH was higher under ZT than CT in the 10- to 15-cm depth and tended to be higher under ZT than CT at all depths below 15 cm. Conductance was not influenced by tillage in either soil. Application of KCl increased K and Cl concentrations in the surface 15 cm on both soils. Concentration of Cl was increased to 120 cm in both soils, indicating the mobility and leaching potential of this anion. Conductance and pH were increased in the 2.5- to 5.0-cm and 10- to 12.5-cm depths by KCl application in the fine sandy loam soil, but on the silty clay soil, only conductance was increased. Key words: Zero tillage, nutrient stratification, pH stratification

scholarly journals Effect of sodium adsorption ratio and electric conductivity of the applied water on infiltration in a sandy-loam soil

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1 January) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulwahed M Aboukarima ◽  
Mohammed A Al-Sulaiman ◽  
Mohamed SA El Marazky
Keyword(s):  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Loam Soil

Infiltration measurements using a double-ring infiltrometer were conducted on a sandy-loam soil located in Saudi Arabia. The measurements were performed for an undisturbed soil. The effect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electric conductivity (EC) of the applied water on infiltration rate was examined. The infiltration rate at the initial time was high, in the order 305 > 240 > 137 > 104 > 65 mm/h for SAR of 3.34, 3.52, 4.14, 4.18, and 7.60, respectively. The results showed that 180 min after the initial time of measurement in the sandy-loam soil, the final infiltration rates were in the range of 21.1–44.0 mm/h for the different qualities of water considered in this study, with an average value of 33.8 mm/h. Hence, the infiltration rate is sensitive to the SAR of the applied water. The final infiltration rate (IRf) and the final cumulative infiltration depth (Zf) after 180 min could be predicted using the following equations:IRf (mm/h) = 49.399 + 6.691 × EC (dS/m) – 6.740 × SAR (—) R2 = 0.939Zf (mm) = 148.198 + 20.074 × EC (dS/m) – 20.221 × SAR (—) R2 = 0.9387

THE EFFECT OF K AND Cl FERTILIZER ADDITIONS ON BARLEY HERBAGE YIELD AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN UNDISTURBED AND ARTIFICIALLY COMPACTED SOIL CORES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-739
Author(s):  
C. A. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Disturbed Soil ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Loam Soil

Disturbed soil cores, at two bulk densities, and undisturbed soil cores were collected from two fields which had been maintained under reduced tillage management. Dry matter yield of growth chamber-grown barley in the disturbed soil cores was equal to or lower than that produced in the undisturbed cores but was unaffected by degree of soil compaction. Increase in dry matter yield in response to K or Cl fertilization was greater in disturbed than undisturbed soils. Compaction did not generally influence response to KCl fertilization. Soil disturbance did not consistently influence concentration of N, K or Cl in barley tissue. Tissue content of Zn was increased by soil disturbance in the clay loam soil and decreased by soil disturbance in the sandy loam soil. Compaction did not influence tissue content of N or Cl. Compaction did not influence K content of plants grown on the clay loam soil, which initially had high levels of plant-available K, but reduced K content of plants grown on K-deficient sandy loam soil. Increased compaction also reduced the Zn content of plants in the sandy loam soil but increased Zn content of plants in the clay loam soil. Application of KCl or CaCl2 increased Cl content of barley tissue and tended to reduce the N content of the tissue, particularly in the clay loam soil. Application of KCl or KNO3 increased K concentration in barley tissue grown on the K-deficient sandy loam soil but not on the higher K clay loam soil.Key words: Potassium, chloride, zinc, compaction, bulk density, barley

Emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide associated with the decomposition of arable crop residues on a sandy loam soil in Eastern England

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Harrison ◽  
Sharon Ellis ◽  
Roy Cross ◽  
James Harrison Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Loam Soil
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