Laboratory and large-scale dust explosion research

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Cashdollar ◽  
Eric S. Weiss ◽  
Nevin B. Greninger ◽  
Kris Chatrathi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dust Explosion

Fire and explosive properties of plant materials used in the production of compound feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 570 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Maciej Celiński ◽  
Agnieszka Gajek ◽  
Michał Gloc
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dust Explosion ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Explosive Properties ◽  
Very High

Extremely large scale of grain processing leads to a very high risk of incidents related to fire or dust explosion. Only in 2018 there were several outbreaks associated with the storage and transport of grain materials, the largest of which took place in May in South Sioux City, Nebraska. Poland is one of the largest grain producers in Europe and in the world. The annual grain production in Poland is about 35 million tons, including about 10 million tons of wheat, 5 million tons of triticale, 4 million tons of barley and 1.5 million tons of oats. Such an amount of grain material means that there is a high probability of failure during the storage processes (i.e. drying, pouring), transport and processing. Current research shows that of all dust explosions, those related to the food-agricultural and fodder industry account for nearly 25%. The most vulnerable are silos, dedusting and ventilation systems (including dryers and warehouses for drying grains). In October 2013, in the BulkTerminal in Gdańsk, there was an explosion and fire in a grain silo. The rescue operation lasted nearly 4 hours and about 10 tons of grain have burned (20% of the total stored grain material). The purpose of this article is to describe the results of research on the phenomenon of flammability and explosibility of industrial dusts on the four most popular grains in Poland.

New Findings for Explosion Protection of Bucket Elevators by Design Measures

2012 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albrecht Vogl ◽  
Siegfried Radandt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dust Explosion ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Explosion Suppression ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Explosion Protection

Bucket elevators are devices for the vertical conveying of bulk materials. They can be found in many plants where silos are used. There are different designs of bucket elevators, whereby for the conveying of combustible bulk materials twin-leg bucket elevators are widely used. The conveyed bulk materials might be quite different, e.g. granulates, grains or pellets, which can contain more or less fine dust. The fine dust will be whirled up and dispersed by the moving buckets. Explosive dust/air mixtures can occur inside the elevator. Bucket elevators are frequently reported as causes of dust explosions [1, 2]. Depending on both the practical operating conditions and the explosion characteristics of the bulk material in many cases explosion protection by prevention of ignition sources are not sufficient to minimize the risk of a dust explosion. Therefore, additional explosion protection by design measures is required in order to limit the dangerous effects of a dust explosion. The technical rules or standards, however, which are available for the layout of explosion protection by design measures, e.g. explosion pressure venting or explosion suppression can not be used due to the specific geometry of bucket elevators. Because there was no sufficient data base to design explosion resistant bucket elevators in combination with explosion venting or explosion suppression, large scale tests were carried out on the test site of BGN and FSA in Kappelrodeck, Germany. In this paper the latest results and findings will be presented which can be used for the practical design of explosion venting and explosion suppression on bucket elevators in process industries.

Large-scale dust explosion experiments to determine the effects of scaling on explosion parameters

1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 320-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.K. Kumar ◽  
E.M. Bowles ◽  
K.J. Mintz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dust Explosion

Study on Safety of Model II Powdery Emulsion Explosive

2014 ◽  
Vol 496-500 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Kai Ming Zhang ◽  
Ou Qi Ni
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Dust Explosion ◽  
Heat Sensitivity ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Mechanical Sensitivity ◽  
Emulsion Explosive ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
New Era ◽  
Large Scale Production

Powdery emulsion explosive (PEE) invented by Ouqi Ni at the end of 1980s is a new kind of W/O industrial explosives. It has brought industrial explosives technology into a new era. Through years of development, Model I powdery emulsion explosive has been put into large scale production in more than 70 explosive manufacturers and is widely praised by its users. Through continuous research and improvements, Model II powdery emulsion explosive with better performance, longer shelf life and considerably lower cost has been successful invented. Given that safety is one of the most important factor in production, transportation and usage of industrial explosive, this paper is to evaluate the safeness of Model II PEE in terms of mechanical sensitivity, heat sensitivity, static electricity safety, and dust explosion risks. The testing results showed Model II PEE has achieved excellent safety level.

Some comments about observations and image processing of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
D. Kubáček ◽  
A. Galád ◽  
A. Pravda
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Harvard College Observatory ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractUnusual short-period comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 inspired many observers to explain its unpredictable outbursts. In this paper large scale structures and features from the inner part of the coma in time periods around outbursts are studied. CCD images were taken at Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, in 1989 and at Astronomical Observatory, Modra, from 1995 to 1998. Photographic plates of the comet were taken at Harvard College Observatory, Oak Ridge, from 1974 to 1982. The latter were digitized at first to apply the same techniques of image processing for optimizing the visibility of features in the coma during outbursts. Outbursts and coma structures show various shapes.

Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Line ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Characteristic Relationship ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

Large-scale Motion of Solar Filaments

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Pavel Ambrož ◽  
Alfred Schroll
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Solar Filaments ◽  
General Movement ◽  
Scale Motion ◽  
Velocity Scatter

AbstractPrecise measurements of heliographic position of solar filaments were used for determination of the proper motion of solar filaments on the time-scale of days. The filaments have a tendency to make a shaking or waving of the external structure and to make a general movement of whole filament body, coinciding with the transport of the magnetic flux in the photosphere. The velocity scatter of individual measured points is about one order higher than the accuracy of measurements.

Some applications of electron beam microanalysis techniques in VLSI process evaluation

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Simon Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Analysis Of Failures ◽  
Characterization Of Materials ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Trends in the technology development of very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have been in the direction of higher density of components with smaller dimensions. The scaling down of device dimensions has been not only laterally but also in depth. Such efforts in miniaturization bring with them new developments in materials and processing. Successful implementation of these efforts is, to a large extent, dependent on the proper understanding of the material properties, process technologies and reliability issues, through adequate analytical studies. The analytical instrumentation technology has, fortunately, kept pace with the basic requirements of devices with lateral dimensions in the micron/ submicron range and depths of the order of nonometers. Often, newer analytical techniques have emerged or the more conventional techniques have been adapted to meet the more stringent requirements. As such, a variety of analytical techniques are available today to aid an analyst in the efforts of VLSI process evaluation. Generally such analytical efforts are divided into the characterization of materials, evaluation of processing steps and the analysis of failures.

Electron microscopy study of reactively sputter-deposited Ti/N films on silicon

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1362-1363
Author(s):  
V. C. Kannan ◽  
A. K. Singh ◽  
R. B. Irwin ◽  
S. Chittipeddi ◽  
F. D. Nkansah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Tin Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fcc Phase ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Titanium nitride (TiN) films have historically been used as diffusion barrier between silicon and aluminum, as an adhesion layer for tungsten deposition and as an interconnect material etc. Recently, the role of TiN films as contact barriers in very large scale silicon integrated circuits (VLSI) has been extensively studied. TiN films have resistivities on the order of 20μ Ω-cm which is much lower than that of titanium (nearly 66μ Ω-cm). Deposited TiN films show resistivities which vary from 20 to 100μ Ω-cm depending upon the type of deposition and process conditions. TiNx is known to have a NaCl type crystal structure for a wide range of compositions. Change in color from metallic luster to gold reflects the stabilization of the TiNx (FCC) phase over the close packed Ti(N) hexagonal phase. It was found that TiN (1:1) ideal composition with the FCC (NaCl-type) structure gives the best electrical property.

Evolution of the microstructure of Cu(Ti)/SiO2 layers annealed in NH3

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 452-453
Author(s):  
J. Liu ◽  
N. D. Theodore ◽  
D. Adams ◽  
S. Russell ◽  
T. L. Alford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Titanium Nitride ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Alloy Film ◽  
Electron Beam Evaporation ◽  
Copper Metallization ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
Ti Alloy ◽  
Thermally Grown

Copper-based metallization has recently attracted extensive research because of its potential application in ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) of semiconductor devices. The feasibility of copper metallization is, however, limited due to its thermal stability issues. In order to utilize copper in metallization systems diffusion barriers such as titanium nitride and other refractory materials, have been employed to enhance the thermal stability of copper. Titanium nitride layers can be formed by annealing Cu(Ti) alloy film evaporated on thermally grown SiO2 substrates in an ammonia ambient. We report here the microstructural evolution of Cu(Ti)/SiO2 layers during annealing in NH3 flowing ambient.The Cu(Ti) films used in this experiment were prepared by electron beam evaporation onto thermally grown SiO2 substrates. The nominal composition of the Cu(Ti) alloy was Cu73Ti27. Thermal treatments were conducted in NH3 flowing ambient for 30 minutes at temperatures ranging from 450°C to 650°C. Cross-section TEM specimens were prepared by the standard procedure.

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