scholarly journals Refolding rate of stability-enhanced cytochromecis independent of thermodynamic driving force

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. McGee ◽  
Barry T. Nall
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force

scholarly journals Thermodynamic driving force of transient negative capacitance of ferroelectric capacitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 022901
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Xiaoqing Sun ◽  
Junshuai Chai ◽  
Hao Xu ◽  
Xueli Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Negative Capacitance ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Ferroelectric Capacitors

Nucleation Mechanism of IGF in the HAZs of Ti-Killed HSLA Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
Dong Ming Duan ◽  
Meng Xia Tang ◽  
Run Wu ◽  
Yong Bu ◽  
Xiao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Hsla Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Nucleation Mechanism ◽  
Titanium Oxides ◽  
Lattice Matching ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Inert Substrate

The weldability of the steel can be improved by formation of intra-granular ferrite (IGF) in heat affected zones (HAZs) on the edge of weld bead. The nucleation mechanism of IGF of Ti-killed high strength low alloyed (HSLA) steel has already been investigated with the aid of transmission electron microscope. Titanium oxides (Ti2O3) particles with the diameter of 0.4μm and Si-rich complex inclusions (Ti3O5+MnS) with that of 0.5μm can serve as the nuclei of IGF. The nucleation mechanism of IGF is proposed as follows: (1) inclusions are inert substrate. (2) The depletion of the austenite former Mn local to the inclusion increases the thermodynamic driving force of γα for transformation. (3) Lattice matching between inclusion and ferrite reduces the interfacial energy of opposing nucleation.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on the steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should also contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in the Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force, resistance and flux.

Stacking Faults and 3C Quantum Wells in Hexagonal SiC Polytypes

2006 ◽  
Vol 527-529 ◽  
pp. 351-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Miao ◽  
Walter R.L. Lambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Band Structure ◽  
Quantum Wells ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
Band Gaps ◽  
Partial Dislocations ◽  
Band Structure Calculations ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Structure Calculations

The electronic driving force for growth of stacking faults (SF) in n-type 4H SiC under annealing and in operating devices is discussed. This involves two separate aspects: an overall thermodynamic driving force due to the capture of electrons in interface states and the barriers that need to be overcome to create dislocation kinks which advance the motion of partial dislocations and hence expansion of SF. The second problem studied in this paper is whether 3C SiC quantum wells in 4H SiC can have band gaps lower than 3C SiC. First-principles band structure calculations show that this is not the case due to the intrinsic screening of the spontaneous polarization fields.

The pointwise Eshelby force on the interface between a transformed inclusion and its surrounding matrix

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D Gavazza ◽  
David M Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Energy Momentum Tensor ◽  
Normal Component ◽  
Strain Tensor ◽  
Transformation Strain ◽  
Momentum Tensor ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Personal Letter ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force

Eshelby showed that the pointwise force F on and normal to the interface between a transformed inclusion and its surrounding matrix is the jump in the normal component of the elastic energy-momentum tensor across the interface. Gavazza later showed, using an entirely different approach, that this thermodynamic driving force F has a much simpler form involving only the average of the stress tensors at adjacent points on opposite sides of the interface and the “transformation strain” tensor. The equivalence of and connection between the two formulae was apparently first shown by Eshelby in a personal letter to Gavazza (attached as an appendix to this paper), although the brevity of the letter makes following Eshelby’s proof a little difficult. Here we expand Eshelby’s hitherto unpublished proof of the equivalence of the two expressions in what we believe is a clearer fashion.

Role of the Kinetic Relation in a Phase Transition-Based Model for Mechanical Unfolding in Macromolecules

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritwik Raj ◽  
Prashant K. Purohit
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Metastable States ◽  
Force Extension ◽  
Kinetic Relation ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Applied Tension ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Macro Molecule

We present applications of a model developed to describe unfolding in macromolecules under an axial force. We show how different experimentally observed force-extension behaviors can be reproduced within a common theoretical framework. We propose that the unfolding occurs via the motion of a folded/unfolded interface along the length of the molecule. The molecules are modeled as one-dimensional continua capable of existing in two metastable states under an applied tension. The interface separates these two metastable states and represents a jump in stretch, which is related to applied force by the worm-like-chain relation. The mechanics of the interface are governed by the Abeyaratne-Knowles theory of phase transitions. The thermodynamic driving force controls the motion of the interface via an equation called the kinetic relation. By choosing an appropriate kinetic relation for the unfolding conditions and the macro-molecule under consideration, we have been able to generate a variety of unfolding processes in macromolecules.

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