scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on the steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should also contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in the Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force, resistance and flux.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, also a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force-resistance-flux.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, also a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force-resistance-flux.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, also a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force-resistance-flux.

Driving forces and structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqi Feng ◽  
Tianshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the driving forces and structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea. This paper gives the answers for the following questions: How do China’s final demands trigger the growth of its imports from Korea? And what’s the impact of China’s final demands on the import in different industries? Design/methodology/approach Based on the Multi-Regional Input-Output model and World Input-Output Table database, this paper constructs the non-competitive imports input-output (IO) table of China to Korea. According to this table, we can calculate the induced imports coefficient and comprehensive induced import coefficients of China’s four final demands for imports from Korea in the 56 industries in China. Findings Among the four driving forces, the strongest one is changes in inventories and valuables. The impact of final consumption expenditure and fixed capital formation is much lower than that of changes in inventories and valuables, but they have a broader impact for the 56 industries. This paper finds out the China’s import induction of the final demands to Korea peaked in 2005 and 2010 and decreased greatly in 2014, so the position of China as market provider for Korea will no longer rise substantially, contrarily it will be in a steady state. Originality/value First, this paper constructs the non-competitive IO table to analyze the market provider issues between two countries and provides practical ways and methods for studies on the issues of imports and market provider. Second, this paper investigates the different roles of four final demands on driving force of China as market provider for Korea and the structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea among 56 industries from 2000 to 2014.

scholarly journals Selective Metathesis Synthesis of MgCr2S4 by Control of Thermodynamic Driving Forces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
akira miura ◽  
Hiroaki Ito ◽  
Christopher Bartel ◽  
Wenhao Sun ◽  
Nataly Carolina Rosero-Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Metathesis Reaction ◽  
Reaction Enthalpy ◽  
Alternative Synthesis ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Kinetics Of

MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> thiospinel is predicted to be a compelling Mg-cathode material, but its preparation via traditional solid-state synthesis methods has proven challenging. Wustrow et al. [Inorg. Chem. 57, 14 (2018)] found that the formation of MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> from MgS + Cr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> binaries requires weeks of annealing at 800 ℃ with numerous intermediate regrinds. The slow reaction kinetics of MgS + Cr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>--> MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> can be attributed to a miniscule thermodynamic driving force of ΔH = –2 kJ/mol. Here, we demonstrate that the double ion-exchange metathesis reaction, MgCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaCrS<sub>2</sub> --> MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> + 2 NaCl, has a reaction enthalpy of ΔH = –47 kJ/mol, which is thermodynamically driven by the large exothermicity of NaCl formation. Using this metathesis reaction, we successfully synthesized MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (< 200 nm) from MgCl<sub>2</sub> and NaCrS<sub>2</sub> precursors in a KCl flux at 500 °C in only 30 minutes. NaCl and other metathesis byproducts are then easily washed away by water. We rationalize the selectivity of MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> in the metathesis reaction from the topology of the DFT-calculated pseudo-ternary MgCl<sub>2</sub>-CrCl<sub>3</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>S phase diagram. Our work helps to establish metathesis reactions as a powerful alternative synthesis route to inorganic materials that have otherwise small reaction energies from conventional precursors.<br>

scholarly journals Selective Metathesis Synthesis of MgCr2S4 by Control of Thermodynamic Driving Forces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
akira miura ◽  
Hiroaki Ito ◽  
Christopher Bartel ◽  
Wenhao Sun ◽  
Nataly Carolina Rosero-Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Metathesis Reaction ◽  
Reaction Enthalpy ◽  
Alternative Synthesis ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Kinetics Of

MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> thiospinel is predicted to be a compelling Mg-cathode material, but its preparation via traditional solid-state synthesis methods has proven challenging. Wustrow et al. [Inorg. Chem. 57, 14 (2018)] found that the formation of MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> from MgS + Cr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> binaries requires weeks of annealing at 800 ℃ with numerous intermediate regrinds. The slow reaction kinetics of MgS + Cr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>--> MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> can be attributed to a miniscule thermodynamic driving force of ΔH = –2 kJ/mol. Here, we demonstrate that the double ion-exchange metathesis reaction, MgCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaCrS<sub>2</sub> --> MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> + 2 NaCl, has a reaction enthalpy of ΔH = –47 kJ/mol, which is thermodynamically driven by the large exothermicity of NaCl formation. Using this metathesis reaction, we successfully synthesized MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles (< 200 nm) from MgCl<sub>2</sub> and NaCrS<sub>2</sub> precursors in a KCl flux at 500 °C in only 30 minutes. NaCl and other metathesis byproducts are then easily washed away by water. We rationalize the selectivity of MgCr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> in the metathesis reaction from the topology of the DFT-calculated pseudo-ternary MgCl<sub>2</sub>-CrCl<sub>3</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>S phase diagram. Our work helps to establish metathesis reactions as a powerful alternative synthesis route to inorganic materials that have otherwise small reaction energies from conventional precursors.<br>

scholarly journals Catalytic bias in oxidation–reduction catalysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Mulder ◽  
John W. Peters ◽  
Simone Raugei
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Reaction Intermediates ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Differential Stability

Under steady state conditions, the differential stability of reaction intermediates can alter the rate and the direction of a catalytic process regardless the overall underlying thermodynamic driving force.

Resistance to Outflow of Cerebrospinal Fluid Determined by Bolus Injection Technique and Constant Rate Steady State Infusion in Humans

Neurosurgery ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kosteljanetz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Infusion Technique

Abstract Two methods for the determination of resistance to the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid, the bolus injection technique and the constant rate steady state infusion technique, were compared. Thirty-two patients with a variety of intracranial diseases (usually communicating hydrocephalus) were studied. There was a high degree of correlation between the resistance values obtained with the two methods, but values based on the bolus injection technique were systematically and statistically significantly lower than those obtained with the constant rate infusion test. From a practical point of view. both methods were found to be applicable in a clinical setting.

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