Personality research—challenges for the future

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Development ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Individual Functioning ◽  
Emotional System

This article is about the lessons that can be learned from the mistakes of the past. After a critical, constructive analysis of current theorizing and research, important directions of future personality psychology are described against the background of a general theoretical framework. It is argued that individual functioning cannot be understood or explained if the environmental factors that are operating in the individual's interactions with the environment and the biological factors that are constantly interacting with the cognitive‐emotional system are not considered. Finally, the article focuses on conceptual and methodological issues that are of major importance for further progress in personality psychology, viz. (a) the match between level of psychological processes and type of data, (b) the nature of psychological phenomena studied in terms of variables, (c) the use of chronological age as the marker of individual development, and (d) the comparison between a variable and a person approach.

Nature, Nurture, and Their Interplay

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joni Y. Sasaki ◽  
Heejung S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Cultural Neuroscience ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Cultures

Cultural neuroscience research examines how psychological processes are affected by the interplay between culture and biological factors, including genetic influences, patterns of neural activation, and physiological processes. In this review, we present foundational and current empirical research in this area, and we also discuss theories that aim to explain how various aspects of the social environment are interpreted as meaningful in different cultures and interact with a cascade of biological processes to ultimately influence thoughts and behaviors. This review highlights theoretical and methodological issues, potential solutions, and future implications for a field that aspires to integrate the complexities of human biology with the richness of culture.

The metaphysics of psychology and a dialectical perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 095935432097549
Author(s):  
Manolis Dafermos
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Exact Science ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Dialectical Perspective

This article aims to examine the relation between psychology and metaphysics. Despite psychology’s claim of being an exact science, like physics, it contains an implicit commitment to metaphysical assumptions, such as ahistorical universalism, ontological dualism, abstract individualism, and the fragmentation of the human mind. This paper proposes a dialectical perspective as a way to overcome the unidimensional examination of psychological phenomena as the sum of independent, fixed, and static elements. By revealing the shortcomings of reductionism and elementarism, dialectics highlight the complex and dynamic nature of psychological processes and provide an original way of conceptualizing crucial theoretical and methodological issues of psychology as a discipline.

Tensions, articulations, and novelty in the ontogenetic development of historical thinking: Contributions of cultural–historical psychology

2021 ◽  
pp. 095935432110289
Author(s):  
Natalia Albornoz ◽  
Christian Sebastián
Keyword(s):  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Ontogenetic Development ◽  
Psychological Process ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Mediated Action ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Action

To analyse or experience history, to argue or narrate it, two approaches define and explain the phenomenon of thinking about history. In recent decades, thinking about history has become especially relevant because of its relationship with citizenship, either to evaluate evidence of the past or to guide present and future action. The contributions of psychology are diverse and come from traditions that refer to apparently antagonistic psychological processes, such as narrative and argumentation. The objective of this article is to address this discussion from a cultural–historical approach, specifically Vygotskian. We propose that argumentation and narrative are psychological processes that can be developed separately in ontogeny. Both processes, under certain conditions and socially mediated action, are stressed and articulated to give way to historical thinking, a higher psychological process.

scholarly journals Treating Complex Nervous System Vascular Disorders through a “Needle Stick”: Origins, Evolution, and Future of Neuroendovascular Therapy

Neurosurgery ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Nelson Hopkins ◽  
Giuseppe Lanzino ◽  
Lee R. Guterman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Device Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Established Treatment

Abstract IN THE PAST few decades, dramatic improvements have occurred in the field of neuroendovascular surgery. Endovascular therapy today is a well-established treatment modality for a variety of cerebrovascular and nonvascular central nervous system diseases. The foundation of this spectacular evolution was laid by the efforts of pioneering visionaries who often worked alone and under difficult, almost impossible, conditions. Ongoing device development and refinement have revolutionized the field at a dizzying, exhilarating pace. With a better understanding of the molecular basis of diseases and further advancements in gene therapy, neuroendovascular techniques have an enormous potential for application to the entire spectrum of central nervous system diseases as a minimally invasive vehicle for the delivery of biological factors.

Objections to the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure—and why those Objections Fail

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Ashton ◽  
Kibeom Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
European Association ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Hexaco Model

The six–dimensional HEXACO model of personality structure and its associated inventory have increasingly been used in personality research. But in spite of the evidence supporting this structure and demonstrating its advantages over five–dimensional models, some researchers continue to use and promote the latter. Although there has been little overt, organized argument against the adoption of the HEXACO model, we do hear sporadic offerings of reasons for retaining the five–dimensional systems, usually in informal conversations, in manuscript reviews, on social media platforms, and occasionally in published works. In this target article, we list all of the objections to the HEXACO model that we have heard of, and we then explain why each objection fails. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Post–traumatic Growth as Positive Personality Change: Evidence, Controversies and Future Directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eranda Jayawickreme ◽  
Laura E. R. Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Personality Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Post Traumatic Growth ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Post Traumatic

This target article focuses on the construct of post–traumatic growth—positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. Prominent theories of post–traumatic growth define it in terms of personality change, and as a result, this area of research should be of great interest to personality psychologists. Despite this fact, most of the research on this topic has not been sufficiently informed by relevant research in personality psychology, and much of the extant research suffers from significant methodological limitations. We review the literature on post–traumatic growth, with a particular focus on how researchers have conceptualized it and the specific methodological issues associated with these conceptualizations. We outline some ways in which personality science can both be enriched by the study of this phenomenon and inform rigorous research on post–traumatic growth and provide a series of guidelines for future research of post–traumatic growth as positive personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

The Return of Adam: Freud's Myth of the Fall

1993 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296
Author(s):  
David Humbert
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
Death Instinct ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Theories

Despite its loss of intellectual respectability in the nineteenth century, the myth of the fall still haunts modern religion and thought like an unquiet ghost. Discredited in its role as an historical account of human origins, it has retained its vitality as a ‘psychological’ myth, an inexhaustible metaphor for the brokeness and fragmentation of the human spirit. The myth of the fall surfaces in the twentieth century in the form of the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud, who would not normally spring to mind as someone sympathetic to the myth. Freud is perhaps the most famous ‘demythologizer’ of religion. He traced all religion and myth, including the myth of original sin, back to non-spiritual psychological processes. But although he clearly wished to deconstruct all traditional myth, myth plays an indisputable role in his own psychological theories. Some of his psychological constructs, such as the ‘Oedipus complex’ and the concept of ‘narcissism’, are inspired by Greek myths. Others, like the theory of the death instinct, are founded on scientific speculations which clearly resemble myths. The myth of the primal horde in particular draws its rhetorical power from its similarity to the Biblical account of the fall. Both the Biblical account of the fall and the psychohistorical ‘myth’ of the primal horde attribute the conflicts and imperfections of the human condition in part to an inherited guilt, an inherited guilt which stems from a decisive and fateful historical event in the past.

A Framework for Testing Causality in Personality Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Costantini ◽  
Marco Perugini
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
European Association ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Candidate Target ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Over Time

Causal explanations in personality require conceptual clarity about alternative causal conditions that could, even in principle, affect personality. These causal conditions crucially depend on the theoretical model of personality, each model constraining the possibility of planning and performing causal research in different ways. We discuss how some prominent models of personality allow for specific types of causal research and impede others. We then discuss causality from a network perspective, which sees personality as a phenomenon that emerges from a network of behaviours and environments over time. From a methodological perspective, we propose a three–step strategy to investigate causality: (1) identify a candidate target for manipulation (e.g. using network analysis), (2) identify and test a manipulation (e.g. using laboratory research), and (3) deliver the manipulation repeatedly for a congruous amount of time (e.g. using ecological momentary interventions) and evaluate its ability to generate trait change. We discuss how a part of these steps was implemented for trait conscientiousness and present a detailed plan for implementing the remaining steps. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

Using Basic Personality Research to Inform Personality Pathology

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Normal Personality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Life Course

Personality pathology—which is characterized by a pervasive, maladaptive, and inflexible pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors—has long been defined as a set of categories that are distinct from each other a “normal” personality. Research over the past three decades has challenged that assumed separation and instead suggested that abnormal personality is merely a maladaptive extension of the same features that describe the personality of all humans. This volume surveys cutting-edge research on the science of basic personality and demonstrates the application of these ideas and methods to conceptualizing pathology. It first provides a historical overview as well as the present state of the personality disorder literature. Ensuing chapters then highlight critical issues in the assessment and conceptualization of personality, its development across the life course, and biological underpinnings. In this way the chapters are inherently useful as a primer of the present knowledge concerning the basic science of personality from specific genes to complex social interactions. Furthermore, each chapter aims toward not only elucidating current understandings of personality but demonstrating its direct application to clinical diagnosis and conceptualization.

History of Education and Emotions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Toro-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
History Of Education ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

The encounter between the history of education and the emerging field of historical interest in emotions is a phenomenon of recent and fast development. Researchers must bear some specific dilemmas and challenges implied in attention to affective ties regarding the past of education, being the first to define critical concepts for the delimitation of the topic. Furthermore, this new path requires that theoretical and methodological issues be addressed. Among these issues are the difference in the development of educational historiographical research in countries or cultural regions. There are challenges for education historians interested in emotions and their efforts to overcome methodological chasms, as for example, the disparities between discourse and experience. Given the fact that the research on the history of emotions applied to education is still in its first steps, it is possible to outline some potential advances in the confluence of the historic-educational and the emotional fields.

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