How Peers Make a Difference: The Role of Peer Groups and Peer Relationships in Personality Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne K. Reitz ◽  
Julia Zimmermann ◽  
Roos Hutteman ◽  
Jule Specht ◽  
Franz J. Neyer
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peer Relationship ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Clear Cut

Peers are a pervasive aspect of people's lives, but their role in personality development has rarely been considered. This is surprising, given that peers are promising candidates to explain personality development over the entire lifespan. Owing to the lack of clear–cut definitions of peers, we first elaborate on their defining criteria and functions in different life phases. We then discuss the role of peers in personality development across the lifespan. We advocate that an integration of social group perspectives and social relationship perspectives is essential to understand peer effects on personality development. Group socialization theory is particularly suited to explain developmental differences between groups as a result of group norms. However, it is blind towards differences in development within peer groups. In contrast, the PERSOC framework is particularly suited to explain individual differences in development within groups as a result of specific dyadic peer–relationship experiences. We propose that a conjunct consideration of peer–group effects and dyadic peer–relationship effects can advance the general understanding of personality development. We discuss examples for a cross–fertilization of the two frameworks that suggest avenues for future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

What Drives Adult Personality Development? A Comparison of Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jule Specht ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn ◽  
Jaap J. A. Denissen ◽  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
Roos Hutteman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Increasing numbers of empirical studies provide compelling evidence that personality traits change across the entire lifespan. What initiates this continuing personality development and how does this development proceed? In this paper, we compare six theoretical perspectives that offer testable predictions about why personality develops the way it does and identify limitations and potentials of these perspectives by reviewing how they hold up against the empirical evidence. While all of these perspectives have received some empirical support, there is only little direct evidence for propositions put forward by the five–factor theory of personality and the theory of genotype → environment effects. In contrast, the neo–socioanalytic theory appears to offer a comprehensive framework that fits the empirical findings and allows the integration of other, more specialized, perspectives that focus on specific aspects of personality development like the role of time, systematic differences between categories of social roles or the active partake of the person himself or herself. We draw conclusions on the likely driving factors for adult personality development and identify avenues for future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Self and identity in personality psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan P. McAdams ◽  
Kali Trzesniewski ◽  
Jennifer Lilgendahl ◽  
Veronica Benet-Martinez ◽  
Richard W. Robins
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Identity Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self And Identity

Research on self and identity has greatly enhanced personality science by directing inquiry more deeply into the person’s conscious mind and more expansively outward into the social environments that contextualize individual differences in behavior, thought, and feeling. After delineating key concepts and offering reasons why personality psychologists should care about self and identity processes, we highlight important empirical discoveries that are of special relevance to personality science in the areas of (1) self-insight, (2) self-conscious emotions, (3) self-esteem, (4) narrative identity, and (5) the role of culture in shaping self, identity, and the integration of personality. We anticipate that future research will also move vigorously to (1) develop more comprehensive and precise accounts of how life experiences influence the development of self and identity, (2) explore more fully how the brain builds a sense of self, and (3) harness what we know about self and identity to improve people’s lives and promote personality development.

Unpacking the misfit effect: Exploring the influence of gender and social norms on the association between aggression and peer victimization

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542199286
Author(s):  
Ellyn Charlotte Bass ◽  
Lina Maria Saldarriaga ◽  
Ana Maria Velasquez ◽  
Jonathan B. Santo ◽  
William M. Bukowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Adolescent Peer Groups

Social norms are vital for the functioning of adolescent peer groups; they can protect the well-being of groups and individual members, often by deterring harmful behaviors, such as aggression, through enforcement mechanisms like peer victimization; in adolescent peer groups, those who violate aggression norms are often subject to victimization. However, adolescents are nested within several levels of peer group contexts, ranging from small proximal groups, to larger distal groups, and social norms operate within each. This study assessed whether there are differences in the enforcement of aggression norms at different levels. Self-report and peer-nomination data were collected four times over the course of a school year from 1,454 early adolescents ( M age = 10.27; 53.9% boys) from Bogota, Colombia. Multilevel modeling provided support for social regulation of both physical aggression and relational aggression via peer victimization, as a function of gender, grade-level, proximal (friend) or distal (class) injunctive norms of aggression (perceptions of group-level attitudes), and descriptive norms of aggression. Overall, violation of proximal norms appears to be more powerfully enforced by adolescent peer groups. The findings are framed within an ecological systems theory of adolescent peer relationships.

scholarly journals The Role of Landscapes and Landmarks in Bee Navigation: A Review

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahram Kheradmand ◽  
James C. Nieh
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Rich

The ability of animals to explore landmarks in their environment is essential to their fitness. Landmarks are widely recognized to play a key role in navigation by providing information in multiple sensory modalities. However, what is a landmark? We propose that animals use a hierarchy of information based upon its utility and salience when an animal is in a given motivational state. Focusing on honeybees, we suggest that foragers choose landmarks based upon their relative uniqueness, conspicuousness, stability, and context. We also propose that it is useful to distinguish between landmarks that provide sensory input that changes (“near”) or does not change (“far”) as the receiver uses these landmarks to navigate. However, we recognize that this distinction occurs on a continuum and is not a clear-cut dichotomy. We review the rich literature on landmarks, focusing on recent studies that have illuminated our understanding of the kinds of information that bees use, how they use it, potential mechanisms, and future research directions.

scholarly journals Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Emily Durbin ◽  
Brian M. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dominant Paradigm ◽  
Spectrum Model

A dominant paradigm in psychopathology research proposes that individual differences in personality are centrally involved in the origins and manifestations of psychopathology, and structural models of personality and psychopathology have been extremely useful in helping to organize associations among many traits and disorders. However, these models merely describe patterns of covariation; they do not explain the processes by which these patterns emerge. We argue that the field is stagnated, as it is overly focused on the demonstration of concurrent associations and on confirming a spectrum model that proposes traits and disorders are manifestations of the same underlying constructs. We contend that if the field is to move towards an understanding of causal processes, it must integrate knowledge and principles of personality development and developmental psychopathology. To begin this integration, we review (i) normative trends in personality change, (ii) age–related changes in the prevalence of disorders, and (iii) the impact of onset and chronicity on the severity of disorders. We propose several developmental processes that may contribute to the co–development of personality and psychopathology. We then present novel empirical findings to illustrate how a developmental perspective on traits and disorders can inform new hypotheses and propose principles and hypotheses that should guide future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals The Effect of Self-Disclosure on Loneliness in Adolescents During COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Peer Relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Rui Cheng ◽  
Bo Hu
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Peer Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Age Range

Long-term home isolation has had a certain impact on adolescents' enthusiasm for interpersonal communication and desire for self-disclosure during COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between adolescents' self-disclosure and loneliness during COVID-19, and to analyze the mediating role of peer relationship in it. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 830 Chinese adolescents (males: 47.5%, Mage14.25 years; females: 52.05%, Mage 14.19 years; Age range 12-15). Participants completed a self-reported survey that included sociodemographic, Jourard Self-Disclosure Scale, UCLA, and Peer Relationship Scale. The results showed that in the period of COVID-19, adolescents' self-disclosure affects loneliness through peer relationship, that is, the level of self-disclosure can significantly predict loneliness through peer relationship, and peer relationship plays a complete mediating role.

scholarly journals The Role of Peer-group Influence and Neurobiological Factors in Internet Gaming Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Tesaviani Kusumastiwi
Keyword(s):  
Peer Group ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Online Game ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
Game Addiction ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Internet Games

Abstract Internet game disorder (IGD) is characterized as an excessive and uncontrolled game designed for functional problems or difficulties. During the last discussion, uncontrolled internet games have resulted in public health and social problems around the world. Although brave games are more accessible in young adulthood, brave game disturbances are more experienced by teens. Teenagers and young adults are strong predictors of overcoming the challenges of online game addiction, besides peer-group factors in adolescents, and neurobiological factors that influence the influence of internet gaming disorders. This literature review will discuss the influence of peer groups and neurobiological factors that underlie the expenditure of internet games in their teens.

scholarly journals The Perfect Storm: A Developmental–Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls’ Body Image Concerns and Mental Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Choukas-Bradley ◽  
Savannah Roberts ◽  
Anne J. Maheux ◽  
Jacqueline Nesi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Body Image Concerns ◽  
Perfect Storm

In this theoretical review paper, we provide a developmental–sociocultural framework for the role of social media (SM) in contributing to adolescent girls’ body image concerns, and in turn, depressive symptoms and disordered eating. We propose that the features of SM (e.g., idealized images of peers, quantifiable feedback) intersect with adolescent developmental factors (e.g., salience of peer relationships) and sociocultural gender socialization processes (e.g., societal over-emphasis on girls’ and women’s physical appearance) to create the “perfect storm” for exacerbating girls’ body image concerns. We argue that, ultimately, body image concerns may be a key mechanism underlying associations between adolescent girls’ SM use and mental health. In the context of proposing this framework, we provide empirical evidence for how SM may increase adolescent girls’ body image concerns through heightening their focus on: (1) other people’s physical appearance (e.g., through exposure to idealized images of peers, celebrities, and SM influencers; quantifiable indicators of approval); and (2) their own appearance (e.g., through appearance-related SM consciousness; exposure to one’s own image; encouraging over-valuing of appearance; and peer approval of photos/videos). Our framework highlights new avenues for future research on adolescent girls’ SM use and mental health, which recognize the central role of body image.

Identity Formation and Moral Development in Emerging Adulthood

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lapsley ◽  
Sam A. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Personal Formation

We argue in this chapter that moral development and identity formation are not disjunctive topics, and that morality and identity ramify in the personal formation of emerging adults in ways that have dispositional implications for how the rest of their lives go. Moral self-identity is crucial to living a life of purpose and for setting one’s life projects on a pathway that contributes to well-being, generativity, and integrity. We first review research on the role of moral purpose in personality development and the conditions that encourage it. We then review the major ways that self-identity has been conceptualized in terms of statuses, processes, and narratives, with particular emphasis on the achievement of identity maturity and its contribution to successful adaptation. We then discuss moral self-identity more directly and outline gaps in the literature and possible lines of future research.

Moral Formation in the Family

2019 ◽  
pp. 392-418
Author(s):  
Daniel Lapsley
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Moral Formation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Third Line ◽  
Event Representations ◽  
Capacity For Change ◽  
Special Case

Several lessons are drawn for future research on parenting and moral formation on the basis of an historical perspective on the moral development research program. One is that sociomoral formation is a special case of personality development that draws attention to the role of attachment, event representations, autobiographical memory, and temperament for organizing dispositional coherence around morality. A second is that research on moral development in the family will be increasingly informed by study of the moral self of infancy and on the importance of early life rearing experience, widely discussed in disparate literatures from object relations to epigenetics. A third line of research might focus on parenting characteristics “beyond parenting style” to include parents’ ideological and faith commitments, their mindsets with respect to children’s personality and capacity for change, and their own sense of generativity.

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