scholarly journals Plastisol foaming process. Decomposition of the foaming agent, polymer behavior in the corresponding temperature range and resulting foam properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1712-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Verdu ◽  
A. Zoller ◽  
A. Marcilla
Keyword(s):  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Process Decomposition ◽  
Foam Properties

scholarly journals Bio-Polyurethane Foams Modified with a Mixture of Bio-Polyols of Different Chemical Structures

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2469
Author(s):  
Aleksander Prociak ◽  
Maria Kurańska ◽  
Katarzyna Uram ◽  
Monika Wójtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Foam Properties ◽  
Mechanical Strengths

We report on rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams prepared using different contents of a mixture of two bio-polyols (20–40 php). The bio-polyols were obtained through epoxidation and a ring opening reaction. Different chemical structures of the bio-polyols resulted from the use of 1-hexanol and 1,6-hexanediol as opening agents. The bio-polyols were characterized by hydroxyl values of 104 and 250 mgKOH/g and viscosities of 643 and 5128 mPa·s, respectively. Next, the influence of the bio-polyols on the foaming process of PUR systems as well as the foam properties was evaluated. The bio-foams modified with different contents of the bio-polyols were next compared with a reference foam obtained using a polyether petrochemical polyol. The effect of the apparent density reduction as a result of replacing the petrochemical polyol was minimized by decreasing the water content in the formulation. It was found that the modification of the recipe by changing the content of water, acting as a chemical foaming agent, did not affect the foaming process. However, the introduction of the bio-polyols mixture limited the reactivity of the systems by reducing the maximum temperature of the foaming process. The bio-materials with comparable apparent densities to that of the reference material were characterized by similar values of the thermal conductivity coefficient and a decrease in their mechanical strengths. A deterioration of mechanical properties was caused by the plasticization of the polyurethane matrices with the bio-polyols containing dangling chains. However, all materials were dimensionally stable at room temperature.

USE OF THE MICROWAVE ENERGY FOR ALUMINUM WASTE FOAMING

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
LUCIAN PAUNESCU ◽  
MARIUS FLORIN DRAGOESCU ◽  
SORIN MIRCEA AXINTE ◽  
ANA CASANDRA SEBE
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Powder Mixture ◽  
Aluminum Foam ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Foaming Process

The paper presents an aluminum foam experimental technique using the microwave energy. The raw material was recycling aluminum waste processed by ecological melting and gas atomizing to obtain the fine powder required in the foaming process. The powder mixture was completed with dolomite as a foaming agent. The products had a fine and homogeneous porous structure (pore size between 0.4-0.9 mm). The density (1.17-1.19 g/cm3), the compressive strength (6.83-7.01 MPa) and the thermal conductivity (5.71-5.84 W/m·K) had values almost similar to the foams made by conventional methods.

scholarly journals Bitumen Foaming Optimisation Process on the Basis of Rheological Properties

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Iwański ◽  
Grzegorz Mazurek ◽  
Przemysław Buczyński
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Maximum Expansion ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Original Apparatus ◽  
Foam Properties ◽  
Foamed Bitumen ◽  
Intended Use

This article discusses the results of bitumen foam properties optimisation with respect to three factors: air pressure, bitumen temperature and amount of water. The test materials were unmodified bitumen 50/70 and bitumen 50/70 modified with 2.5% synthetic wax. The experiment was designed according to the 3(3−1) fractional factorial design. The distribution of parameters of bitumen foam were measured with the authors’ original apparatus using a laser beam. This measurement method increased the accuracy of maximum expansion ratio (ER) and half-life (HL) estimation. Based on HL and ER results, it was found that the foaming process increased bitumen stiffness due to the dynamic ageing of the bitumen. The experimental design allows more effective control over the properties of foamed bitumen with respect to its intended use. The presence of synthetic wax extended the half-life of the bitumen foam.

scholarly journals Preparation and Physical Properties of High-Belite Sulphoaluminate Cement-Based Foam Concrete Using an Orthogonal Test

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Jianlin Luo ◽  
Qiuyi Li ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Zuquan Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Pore Wall ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Foam Concrete ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Sulphoaluminate Cement ◽  
Foam Properties

Prefabricated building development increasingly requires foam concrete (FC) insulation panels with low dry density (ρd), low thermal conductivity coefficient (kc), and a certain compressive strength (fcu). Here, the foam properties of a composite foaming agent with different dilution ratios were studied first, high-belite sulphoaluminate cement (HBSC)-based FCs (HBFCs) with 16 groups of orthogonal mix proportions were subsequently fabricated by a pre-foaming method, and physical properties (ρd, fcu, and kc) of the cured HBFC were characterized in tandem with microstructures. The optimum mix ratios for ρd, fcu, and kc properties were obtained by the range analysis and variance analysis, and the final optimization verification and economic cost of HBFC was also carried out. Orthogonal results show that foam produced by the foaming agent at a dilution ratio of 1:30 can meet the requirements of foam properties for HBFC, with the 1 h bleeding volume, 1 h settling distance, foamability, and foam density being 65.1 ± 3.5 mL, 8.0 ± 0.4 mm, 27.9 ± 0.9 times, and 45.0 ± 1.4 kg/m3, respectively. The increase of fly ash (FA) and foam dosage can effectively reduce the kc of the cured HBFC, but also leads to the decrease of fcu due to the increase in mean pore size and the connected pore amount, and the decline of pore uniformity and pore wall strength. When the dosage of FA, water, foam, and the naphthalene-based superplasticizer of the binder is 20 wt%, 0.50, 16.5 wt%, and 0.6 wt%, the cured HBFC with ρd of 293.5 ± 4.9 kg/m3, fcu of 0.58 ± 0.02 MPa and kc of 0.09234 ± 0.00142 W/m·k is achieved. In addition, the cost of HBFC is only 39.5 $/m3, which is 5.2 $ lower than that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based FC. If the surface of the optimized HBFC is further treated with water repellent, it will completely meet the requirements for a prefabricated ultra-light insulation panel.

Porous Material Production and Material Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 946 ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Liudmila Shtirc ◽  
Svetlana G. Vlasova ◽  
Dmitry Meshcherskikh
Keyword(s):  
Porous Material ◽  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Experimental Glass ◽  
Material Production ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Foaming Temperature ◽  
Glass Compositions

In our work we defined two directions for synthesizing porous material: pulping selected experimental glass compositions and using caustic soda as a foaming agent. We studied the foaming temperature settings, investigated the porous material properties. The intensity of the foaming process was estimated from the value of the foaming coefficient.

The Composition of Biomass Cushion Packaging Material and the Study of its Influence on Product Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 1239-1243
Author(s):  
Gang Li ◽  
Fang Yi Li ◽  
Na Xie ◽  
Kai Kai Guan ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Agent ◽  
Packaging Material ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Compression Performance ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
The Impact

Nine groups of biomass packaging materials with different formula have been synthesized, which were made up of straw fiber and starch by foaming technique. In order to analysis the influence of main composites on cushion performance, a series of tests were conducted to measure the impact behavior, rebound property and static compression performance of materials. Measuring results show that material impact toughness increases with content of fiber. When the content of plasticizer is 10%, the material impact energy absorption is maximum, when the ratio of active agent and foaming agent is 1:1, a stable foaming process can be obtained, which makes the bubble uniform and increases rebound rate.

Solidification Structure and Sound Absorbability of A356 Alloy Foams

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 994-997
Author(s):  
Yan Xiang Li ◽  
W.W. Yuan ◽  
X. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Foam Cell ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Eutectic Silicon ◽  
A356 Alloy ◽  
Solidification Structure ◽  
Metallic Foams ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Α Phase

Metallic foams of A356 alloy with a uniform porosity of 75-85% were produced with the melt foaming process. The microstructure inside the foam cell walls was experimentally studied. It is found that the microstructure is greatly different from the as-cast structure of the base alloy. It is believed that the thickening process with calcium, the adding of foaming agent and the mixing process during the production process all play important roles on the solidification microstructure of the cell walls. The morphology and grain size of primary α-phase, the amount and morphology of eutectic silicon, the distribution and size of CaSi2Al2 and residual titanium hydride particles were studied. The sound absorption coefficient of the alloy foams was measured. Two methods, drilling small holes and compressing the foam, have been developed to improve the sound absorbability of the alloy foam in low and middle frequency ranges.

Energy Absorption of Superplastic Zn-22Al Alloy Foam Manufactured through Melt Foaming Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 838-839 ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ogawa ◽  
Kenji Sekido ◽  
Koichi Kitazono
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Carbonate ◽  
Equiaxial Crystal ◽  
High Strain Rate Sensitivity

Closed-cell superplastic Zn-22Al alloy foams were manufactured through the melt foaming process using sodium hydrogen carbonate powder as a foaming agent. Foaming tests were carried out under different foaming temperatures, times and additive amounts of foaming agent. The porosity of Zn-22Al alloy foams were between 30 and 70%. The cell wall consisted of fine equiaxial crystal grains after solution treatment. The compressive properties of the Zn-22Al alloy foams were investigated at room temperature and high temperature. Zn-22Al alloy foams exhibited high strain rate sensitivity, which was caused by superplastic deformation of the cell wall material.

The Influence of the Foaming Agents on the Porosity of the PM Hydroxyapatite-Based Biocomposites Processed by Two-Step Sintering

2015 ◽  
Vol 1128 ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Cristina Teișanu ◽  
Carmen Ristoscu ◽  
Gabriela Sima
Keyword(s):  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Foaming Agents ◽  
Space Holder ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Titanium Hydride Powder ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Hydride Powder

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the foaming process developed in hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based bicomposites as a function of the foaming agent. The matrix of the biocomposite consists of either submicronic or micronic powder particles of HAp. The titanium hydride powder was added as reinforcement’s precursor as well as blowing agent, and in order to increase the biocomposites’ porosity calcium carbonate was added as space holder agent. The powders mixture was homogenized in a planetary ball mill with a single grinding bowl for 1 minute in air. Uniaxial cold compaction at 120-170 MPa was performed in order to obtain cylindrical green parts, which next were heated in argon atmosphere using the two step sintering technique at temperatures of 900 °C for 1 minute and 800°C for 450 - 600 minutes. The porosity of the biocomposite is analysed through calculations and SEM and EDS analysis highlighting the influence of the above mentioned foaming techniques (blowing and space holder).

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