Prenatal identification of esophageal atresia: the role of ultrasonography for evaluation of functional anatomy

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 669-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Shulman ◽  
Rami Mazkereth ◽  
Yaron Zalel ◽  
Jacob Kuint ◽  
Shlomo Lipitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Atresia ◽  
Functional Anatomy

Clinically Relevant Tracheomalacia after Repair of Esophageal Atresia: the Role of Minimal Intra-Operative Dissection and Timing for Aortopexy

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dodge-Khatami ◽  
D. Deanovic ◽  
P. Sacher ◽  
M. Weiss ◽  
A. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Atresia

Nasopharyngeal reflexes: role of brain monoamines in central integration. a review

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Saxon White ◽  
Anthony Quail
Keyword(s):  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
Vagal Nerves ◽  
Intact Brain ◽  
Output Component ◽  
Trigeminal Nerves ◽  
Arterial Baroreceptor

The nasopharyngeal reflex in the rabbit (respiratory suppression, activation of vagal and sympathetic nerves, and reduction in oxygen usage) is initiated by trigeminal nerves and is enhanced by the arterial baroreceptor and by loss of lung inflation afferent activity. A review of (i) the functional anatomy of central nervous catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways participating in cardiorespiratory regulation, (ii) studies of the reflex in pontine, thalamic, and intact-brain rabbits in which the arterial baroreceptor and lung inflation inputs were manipulated, and (iii) studies of the reflex in rabbits in which central nervous catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were depleted indicates that the trigeminal nerve can initiate the reflex pattern during maintained ventilation at the ponto-medullo-spinal level through interactions that may include convergence with glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in the nucleus of the solitary tract. By contrast, loss of lung inflation activity in itself activates vagal and sympathetic pathways through interactions with arterial baroreceptor activity and diencephalic influences. The vagal output component of the reflex is relatively independent of either central nervous monoamine, but the sympathetic vasoconstrictor component appears clearly dependent on central nervous catecholamine and, to a much lesser extent, on 5-hydroxytryptamine. Both monoamines play a role in respiratory suppression. Pentobarbitone blocks centrally the vagal output component of the nasopharyngeal reflex by a monoamine-independent mechanism. The findings provide a framework for testing postulates concerning central nervous catecholamine integration and neurotransmitter control of submergence reflexes in diving species.

scholarly journals Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1708) ◽  
pp. 20160007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K. Seth ◽  
Karl J. Friston
Keyword(s):  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Clinical Neuroscience ◽  
Autonomic Reflexes ◽  
Embodied Self ◽  
Bodily States ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
The Brain

We review a recent shift in conceptions of interoception and its relationship to hierarchical inference in the brain. The notion of interoceptive inference means that bodily states are regulated by autonomic reflexes that are enslaved by descending predictions from deep generative models of our internal and external milieu. This re-conceptualization illuminates several issues in cognitive and clinical neuroscience with implications for experiences of selfhood and emotion. We first contextualize interoception in terms of active (Bayesian) inference in the brain, highlighting its enactivist (embodied) aspects. We then consider the key role of uncertainty or precision and how this might translate into neuromodulation. We next examine the implications for understanding the functional anatomy of the emotional brain, surveying recent observations on agranular cortex. Finally, we turn to theoretical issues, namely, the role of interoception in shaping a sense of embodied self and feelings. We will draw links between physiological homoeostasis and allostasis, early cybernetic ideas of predictive control and hierarchical generative models in predictive processing. The explanatory scope of interoceptive inference ranges from explanations for autism and depression, through to consciousness. We offer a brief survey of these exciting developments. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.

scholarly journals God Spots in the Brain: Nine Categories of Unasked, Unanswered Questions

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 468 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Brain Scans ◽  
Brain Scan ◽  
Network Operations ◽  
Religious Thoughts ◽  
Self Learning ◽  
The Brain

Neurotheology is an emerging academic discipline that examines mind-brain relationships in terms of the inter-relatedness of neuroscience, spirituality, and religion. Neurotheology originated from brain-scan studies that revealed specific correlations between certain religious thoughts and localized activated brain areas known as “God Spots.” This relatively young scholarly discipline lacks clear consensus on its definition, ideology, purpose, or prospects for future research. Of special interest is the consideration of the next steps using brain scans to develop this field of research. This review proposes nine categories of future research that could build on the foundation laid by the prior discoveries of God Spots. Specifically, this analysis identifies some sparsely addressed issues that could be usefully explored with new kinds of brain-scan studies: neural network operations, the cognitive neuroscience of prayer, biology of belief, measures of religiosity, role of the self, learning and memory, religious and secular cognitive commonalities, static and functional anatomy, and recruitment of neural processing circuitry. God Spot research is poised to move beyond observation to robust hypothesis generation and testing.

scholarly journals Dynamic Adjustments of Parenteral Support in Early Adult Intestinal Failure—Essential Role of Sodium

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3426
Author(s):  
Torid Jacob ◽  
Aenne Glass ◽  
Maria Witte ◽  
Johannes Reiner ◽  
Georg Lamprecht
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Intestinal Failure ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Anastomosis Group ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Parenteral Support ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Intestinal failure (IF) requires parenteral support (PS) substituting energy, water, and electrolytes to compensate intestinal losses and replenish deficits. Convalescence, adaptation, and reconstructive surgery facilitate PS reduction. We analyzed the effect of changes of PS on body mass index (BMI) in early adult IF. Energy, volume, and sodium content of PS and BMI were collected at the initial contact (FIRST), the time of maximal PS and BMI (MAX) and the last contact (LAST). Patients were categorized based on functional anatomy: small bowel enterostomy—group 1, jejuno-colic anastomosis—group 2. Analysis of variance was used to test the relative impact of changes in energy, volume, or sodium. Total of 50 patients were followed for 596 days. Although energy, volume, and sodium support were already high at FIRST, we increased PS to MAX, which was accompanied by a significant BMI increase. Thereafter PS could be reduced significantly, leading to a small BMI decrease in group 1, but not in group 2. Increased sodium support had a stronger impact on BMI than energy or volume. Total of 13 patients were weaned. Dynamic PS adjustments are required in the early phase of adult IF. Vigorous sodium support acts as an independent factor.

DOZ047.120: The role of proton-pump inhibitors in eosinophilic esophagitis: focus on esophageal atresia children

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Tambucci ◽  
F Rea ◽  
M Malamisura ◽  
F Torroni ◽  
E F Romeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Esophageal Atresia ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Eosinophilic Esophagitis ◽  
Topical Steroid ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Introduction Since recently, after detection of eosinophilic predominant inflammation of esophagus a trial with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) was needed to individuate children with PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE), only those non-responders received eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) diagnosis. In 2018 updated international consensus suggested removing the PPI trial as a diagnostic criterion and consider PPIs as a treatment together with diets and topical steroids. The role of PPIs is evaluated in children with esophageal atresia (EA) and EoE versus EoE from general population. Method A retrospective chart review of both children with EA and EoE followed-up from at January 2005 has been performed. According to ESPGHAN guidelines published in 2014 patients showing eosinophilic inflammation received high-dose PPI trial to identified PPI-REE. Those non-responders were labeled as EoE and underwent to dietary and/or topical steroid treatment. Demographics and disease characteristics of EA patients with EoE were analyzed and compared with those with EoE from general population. Results Overall, 370 EA and 118 EoE patients were analyzed. Of them 15 EA-EoE patients were detected. Consequently, in our cohorts, 4.0% of EA patients developed EoE. Male-to-female prevalence ratio was of 2.55 with no difference in gender prevalence between groups. At diagnosis EoE-EA children were significantly younger compared to EoE group (mean: 5.1 vs 10.8 years; P < 0.0001). Peak EOS/HPF at diagnosis did not differ between groups (50.1 ± 26 vs 59.8 ± 29 EOS/HPF). No difference was observed in allergy prevalence between groups (53.8 vs 68.0%). PPI-REE was significantly more prevalent in EA-EoE group that in EoE group (66.6% vs 19.4%; P = 0.0004). Conclusion Similar gender distribution and high prevalence of allergy suggest that common genetic susceptibility factors for EoE exist. However, high prevalence of PPI-REE coupled early EoE onset might also suggest that other factors (e.g. esophageal motility disorders) might play a physiopathological role in EoE development in EA children. Our study suggests that a stepwise approach with PPIs as a first-line treatment for EoE management in EA children should still be considered.

Functional Anatomy of Aortic Regurgitation. Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Aortic Valve-Sparing Surgery

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pastora Gallego García de Vinuesa ◽  
Antonio Castro ◽  
José Miguel Barquero ◽  
Omar Araji ◽  
Gerardo Brunstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Transesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Aortic Regurgitation ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Valve Sparing
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