Linking decentralization and centralization: A critique of the new development administration

This book thoroughly reassesses an important but neglected form of government in ancient Greece, the “rule of the few.” The book challenges scholarly orthodoxy by showing that oligarchy was not the default mode of politics from time immemorial, but instead emerged alongside, and in reaction to, democracy. It establishes how oligarchies maintained power in the face of potential citizen resistance. It argues that oligarchs designed distinctive political institutions—such as intra-oligarchic power sharing, targeted repression, and rewards for informants—to prevent collective action among the majority population while sustaining cooperation within their own ranks. To clarify the workings of oligarchic institutions, the book draws on recent social science research on authoritarianism. Like modern authoritarian regimes, ancient Greek oligarchies had to balance coercion with co-optation in order to keep their subjects disorganized and powerless. The book investigates topics such as control of public space, the manipulation of information, and the establishment of patron–client relations, frequently citing parallels with contemporary nondemocratic regimes. It also traces changes over time in antiquity, revealing the processes through which oligarchy lost the ideological battle with democracy for legitimacy. This book represents a major new development in the study of ancient politics. It fills a longstanding gap in our knowledge of nondemocratic government while greatly improving our understanding of forms of power that continue to affect us today.

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New Development of Waste Paper Handling Technologies

JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL ◽

10.2524/jtappij.73.832 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (9) ◽

pp. 832-841

Author(s):

Jiro Urata

Keyword(s):

Waste Paper ◽

New Development

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FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW

Reviews In Food And Agriculture ◽

10.26480/rfna.01.2020.36.41 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 36-41

Author(s):

Gaurav Ranabhat ◽

Ashmita Dhakal ◽

Saurav Ranabhat ◽

Ananta Dhakal ◽

Rakshya Aryal

Keyword(s):

Insect Pest ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Herbicide Tolerance ◽

Plant Biotechnology ◽

Future Perspective ◽

New Development ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Modern Biotechnology ◽

Stable Yield ◽

As Stress

Modern biotechnology enables an organism to produce a totally new product which the organism does not or cannot produce normally through the incorporation of the technology of ‘Genetic engineering’. Biotechnology shows its technical merits and new development prospects in breeding of new plants varieties with high and stable yield, good quality, as well as stress tolerance and resistance. Some of the most prevailing problems faced in agricultural ecosystems could be solved with the introduction of transgenic crops incorporated with traits for insect pest resistance, herbicide tolerance and resistance to viral diseases. Plant biotechnology has gained importance in the recent past for increasing the quality and quantity of agricultural, horticultural, ornamental plants, and in manipulating the plants for improved agronomic performance. Recent developments in the genome sequencing will have far reaching implications for future agriculture. From this study, we can know that the developing world adopts these fast-changing technologies soon and harness their unprecedented potential for the future benefit of human being.

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