Consider Chlorine Dioxide to Reduce Disinfection Byproducts

Opflow ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Lance Littrell ◽  
Steve Romano ◽  
Rhea Dorris ◽  
Gina Parra ◽  
Maurice Gallarda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts

Multispectral Identification of Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan D. Richardson ◽  
Alfred D. Thruston ◽  
Timothy W. Collette ◽  
Kathleen Schenck. Patterson ◽  
Benjamin W. Lykins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

Correlations between surrogate nitrogenous organic precursors and C-, N-DBP formation

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2395-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Chang ◽  
G. S. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
Different Characteristics

Nitrosamines have been emerging as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using source water impacted with domestic wastewaters. Nitrogenous organic compounds are suggested as precursors of nitrosamines, but many of them have not been identified. This study investigated the correlations between nine selected nitrogenous organic compounds with different characteristics and corresponding disinfection by-product formation potentials (nitrosamines, trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) from their reactions with free chlorine, chlorine dioxide and monochloramine. Besides dimethylamine, the well-known precursor of nitrosamines, 3-(N,N-dimethyloctylammonio)propanesulfonate (3-N,N-DAPSIS) inner salt and benzyldimethyltetradecylamine (benzalkonium chloride, BKC) were suggested as important nitrosamine precursors. 3-N,N-DAPSIS could form about 1,000 ng/L of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and more than 1,000 μg/L of THMs. More than 150,000 ng/L of NDMA were observed when BKC was treated with monochloramine, and high levels of THMs (up to 2,700 μg/L) were also yielded. As expected, free chlorine produced higher levels of THMs and HAAs, and chlorine dioxide generated minor levels of traditional DBPs. Nitrosamines were mainly formed when the precursors were treated with monochloramine.

Predicting the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in water treated with chlorine dioxide

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reham Mahmoud Abu Shmeis ◽  
Manar Fayyad ◽  
Mahmoud Alawi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Haloacetic Acid ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bromide Ion

Factors affecting formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethane THM and haloacetic acid HAA in drinking water treated with chlorine dioxide ClO2 as disinfectant were investigated. The collected data were used to develop mathematical models that predict the formation of THM and HAA in terms of each of the studied factor: ClO2 dose, total organic content TOC, bromide ion concentration, pH, temperature and contact time. Mathematical models were developed for four trihalomethane species, as well as total trihalomethanes TTHM, in addition to six haloacetic acid species and total haloacetic acids THAA. Predicted THM and HAA concentrations using developed models were compared to actual concentrations measured in real samples. Results showed good correlation between measured and calculated values. This means that the method presented could be used to obtain good estimates of THM and HAA concentrations formed when the water is treated with ClO2 under different experimental conditions.

scholarly journals An efficiency analysis for the production of chlorine dioxide by the electrolysis of brine in seawater desalination plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiung-Ta Wu ◽  
Chen-Yu Chang ◽  
Yi-Ying Li ◽  
Yu-Lun Kuan ◽  
Po-Hsiung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Efficiency Evaluation ◽  
Constant Concentration ◽  
Desalination Plants

Abstract A previous study by the authors evaluated the efficiency of producing multi-oxidants using anodes coated in precious metal. This study showed that a titanium anode coated in ruthenium generates the largest amount of active chlorine (chlorine dioxide). The results from the efficiency evaluation also show that DuPont Nafion N-2030 ion film is the most efficient of the diaphragms that were tested. To increase the recovery rate for ClO2, this study optimizes the composition of the anode electrolyte. Sodium chlorite is added into the brine and an electrolysis reaction is performed at 40 °C and 12 V for batch operation. The principal product is ClO2 with a maximum concentration of 1,074 mg L−1. During continuous electrolysis, when the inflow rate for the anode electrolyte is increased to 120 mL min−1, ClO2 is produced at a constant concentration of 60 mg L−1 after 30 minutes. An analysis of the multi-oxidants generated from brine to detect disinfection byproducts shows very little trichloromethane is formed, much less than the standard for total trihalomethanes in drinking water in Taiwan (0.1 mg L−1). The disinfection efficiency of the multi-oxidant produced in this study is about three times greater than that of commercial hypochlorous acid. These results show that multi-oxidant products retrieved by recycling brine from desalination plants are commercially applicable and have economic value.

Elemental chlorine-free bleaching of North American hardwood kraft pulps: Evaluation of oxidant-reinforced extraction variables on overall bleaching optimization

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN N. BROGDON
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
North American ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
Kraft Pulps ◽  
Pulp Bleaching ◽  
Response Surface Models ◽  
Elemental Chlorine ◽  
Surface Models

This investigation evaluates how higher reaction temperatures or oxidant reinforcement of caustic extraction affects chlorine dioxide consumption during elemental chlorine-free bleaching of North American hardwood pulps. Bleaching data from the published literature were used to develop statistical response surface models for chlorine dioxide delignification and brightening sequences for a variety of hardwood pulps. The effects of higher (EO) temperature and of peroxide reinforcement were estimated from observations reported in the literature. The addition of peroxide to an (EO) stage roughly displaces 0.6 to 1.2 kg chlorine dioxide per kilogram peroxide used in elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleach sequences. Increasing the (EO) temperature by Δ20°C (e.g., 70°C to 90°C) lowers the overall chlorine dioxide demand by 0.4 to 1.5 kg. Unlike what is observed for ECF softwood bleaching, the presented findings suggest that hot oxidant-reinforced extraction stages result in somewhat higher bleaching costs when compared to milder alkaline extraction stages for hardwoods. The substitution of an (EOP) in place of (EO) resulted in small changes to the overall bleaching cost. The models employed in this study did not take into account pulp bleaching shrinkage (yield loss), to simplify the calculations.

Application of pure, thermostable, alkali-tolerant xylanase in bleaching of oxygen-delignified pine kraft pulp

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 689-694
Author(s):  
QINGZHI MA ◽  
QI WANG ◽  
CHU WANG ◽  
NIANJIE FENG ◽  
HUAMIN ZHAI
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Elemental Chlorine ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen ◽  
Alkaline Tolerant ◽  
Ecf Bleaching

The effect of oxygen (O2)-delignified pine kraft pulp pretreatment by high-purity, thermostable, and alkaline-tolerant xylanases on elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching of O2-delignification kraft pulp was studied. The study found that xylanase pretreatment preserved the intrinsic viscosity and yield of O2-delignified pulp while causing about 7% of delignification with high delignification selectivity. The xylanases with high purity, higher thermostability (75°C~80°C) in highly alkaline media (pH 8.0~9.5) could be applied on an industrial scale. Pulp pretreatment by the high-purity, thermostable, and alkaline tolerant xylanases could improve pulp brightness or reduce the chlorine dioxide (ClO2) consumption. In a D0ED1D2 bleaching sequence using the same amount of ClO2, the xylanase-pretreated pulp obtained a higher brightness (88.2% vs. 89.7% ISO) at the enzyme dose of 2 U/g pulp; or for the same brightness as control (88.2% ISO), the ClO2 dosage in the D0 stage was reduced by 27%, which represents a 16% savings in total ClO2 used for bleaching.

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