Historically, bias has been viewed as a problem with qualitative research, in large part because the researcher is often a qualitative study’s primary (or, in some cases, only) research “instrument.” Even most constructivists who reject traditional notions of scientific objectivity want to produce reasonably accurate reconstructions of their research participants’ interpretations of the social world. In fact, presenting accurate reconstructions is one thing constructivists mean when they talk about a study’s trustworthiness. Various procedures have been developed to minimize bias and ensure trustworthiness. The Formative Influences Timeline (FIT) is one such procedure. This article provides a brief history of bias in qualitative research, describes the FIT and how to use it, and reviews nonprofit research studies that either employed—or could have employed—the FIT to produce data relatively uncontaminated by researchers’ a priori assumptions. The article concludes by acknowledging limitations of the FIT.
A Foot in the Door: Strategic Dissemination of Nonprofit Sector Research to Congress