Authors' response re: Petros, P. 2014, Urethral resistance to flow, not pressure, is the prime determinant of continence. Neurourol Urodyn

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-100
Author(s):  
Marie-Louise Saaby ◽  
Niels Klarskov ◽  
Gunnar Lose
Keyword(s):  
Urethral Resistance ◽  
Prime Determinant

Effect of prostaglandin on urethral resistance and micturition

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kondo ◽  
M. Kobayashi ◽  
T. Takita ◽  
H. Narita
Keyword(s):  
Urethral Resistance

Statistical Safe Braking Analysis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Stopping Distance ◽  
Train Control ◽  
Classic Theory ◽  
Braking Distance ◽  
Prime Determinant ◽  
Worst Case Approach

The main objective in optimizing train control is to eliminate the waist associated with classical design where train separation is determined through the use of “worst case” assumptions that are invariant to the system. In fact, the worst case approach has been in place since the beginning of train control systems. Worst case takes the most conservative approach to the determination of train stopping distance, which is the basis for design of virtually all train control. This leads to stopping distances that could be far more that actually required under the circumstances at the time the train is attempting to brake. Modern train control systems are designed to separate trains in order to provide safety of operation while increasing throughput. Calculations for the minimum distance that separates trains have traditionally been based on the sum of a series of worst case scenarios. The implication was that no train could ever exceed this distance in stopping. This distance is called Safe Braking Distance (SBD). SBD has always been calculated by static parameters that were assumed to be invariant. This is, however, not the case. Parameters such as adhesion, acceleration, weight, and reaction vary over time, location or velocity. Since the worst case is always used in the calculation, inefficiencies result in this methodology which causes degradation in capacity and throughput. This is also true when mixed traffic with different stopping characteristics are present at the same time. The classic theory in train control utilizes a SBD model to describe the characteristics of a stopping train. Since knowledge of these conditions is not known, poor conditions are assumed. A new concept in train control utilizes statistical analysis and estimation to provide knowledge of the conditions. Trains operating along the line utilize these techniques to understand inputs into their SBD calculation. This provides for a SBD calculation on board the train that is the shortest possible that maintains the required level of safety. The new SBD is a prime determinant in systems capacity. Therefore by optimizing SBD as describes, system capacity is also optimized. The system continuously adjusts to changing conditions.

Eugene IV and the First Dissolution of the Council of Basle

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loy Bilderback
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Essential Singularity ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Prime Determinant ◽  
The Will ◽  
Great Schism ◽  
The Church ◽  
Will Of God ◽  
Divine Guidance

The Council of Basle was officially charged with three basic concerns: the reform of the Church in head and members; the extirpation of heresy, particularly Bohemian Hussitism; and the attainment of peace among Christian Princes. Yet, the Council was most absorbed by, and is most remembered for, a fourth, unscheduled concern. From its outset, the prime determinant of the actions and decisions of the Council proved to be the problem of living and working with the Papacy. In retrospect it is easy to see that this problem was insoluble. One could not expect the efficient functioning of the Church if there was doubt or confusion about the will of God, and the presence of such doubt and confusion was certain so long as even two agencies could gain support for their contentions that they were directly recipient to the Holy Spirit. Singularity of headship was absolutely necessary to the orderly processes of the Church. Yet the contradiction of this essential singularity was implicit at Constance in the accommodation, by one another of the curialists, the protagonists of an absolute, papal monarchy, and the conciliarists, who sought divine guidance through periodic General Councils. This accommodation, in turn, was necessary if the doubt and confusion engendered by the Great Schism was to be resolved. At Basle, this contradiction was wrought into a conflict which attracted a variety of opportunists who could further their ancillary or extraneous ends through a posture of service to one side or the other, and in so doing they obfuscated the issues and prolonged the struggle.

Ameliorating effects of cloperastine on dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by cerebral infarction in conscious rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gen Yamamoto ◽  
Fumio Soeda ◽  
Tetsuya Shirasaki ◽  
Kazuo Takahama
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
Left Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Urinary Bladder Dysfunction ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Urethral Resistance ◽  
Effective Doses

We investigated the effects of the centrally acting antitussives dextromethorphan and cloperastine on urinary bladder dysfunction 24 h after cerebral infarction in rats using the cystometry technique. First, cystometrography was performed in conscious male Sprague–Dawley rats. Cerebral infarction was then induced by occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. Twenty-four hours after cerebral infarction, the effect of each drug on micturition disorder was estimated for 5 parameters: bladder capacity, maximum voiding pressure, micturition latency, flow rate, and urethral resistance. Cerebral infarction markedly reduced bladder capacity, micturition latency, and flow rate and increased urethral resistance. After cerebral infarction, intravenous dosing of saline had no effect on these parameters. Dextromethorphan (20 mg/kg) and cloperastine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) at antitussive effective doses significantly increased bladder capacity and micturition latency. Unlike dextromethorphan, cloperastine ameliorated decreases in flow rate and increases in urethral resistance caused by cerebral infarction. These results suggest that cloperastine may have therapeutic value for the treatment of disorders of the micturition reflex associated with cerebral infarction, and that the drug may become a base compound from which to develop more active drugs for such disorders.

Tacit Knowledge in Geographical Context

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meric S. Gertler
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Michael Polanyi ◽  
Codified Knowledge ◽  
Industrial Economics ◽  
Geographical Concentration ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Prime Determinant

It has now become commonplace to refer to the current period of capitalist development as the era of the ‘knowledge-based’ (OECD 1996) or ‘learning’ (Lundvall and Johnson 1994) economy. No matter which label one prefers, the production, acquisition, absorption, reproduction, and dissemination of knowledge is seen by many as the fundamental characteristic of contemporary competitive dynamics. Long before this parlance became popular, scholars had expressed a deep interest in distinguishing between different types of knowledge. Philosophers of knowledge such as Ryle (1949) and Michael Polanyi (1958; 1966) anticipated later developments in social constructivist thought by enunciating what was for them a crucial distinction between knowledge that could be effectively expressed using symbolic forms of representation—explicit or codified—and other forms of knowledge that defied such representation—tacit knowledge (see Reber 1995; Barbiero n.d.). Within the field of innovation studies and technological change, and especially since the publication of Nonaka and Takeuchi’s The Knowledge- Creating Company (1995), the distinction between tacit and codified knowledge has been accorded great significance. However, in characteristically prescient fashion Nelson and Winter (1982) in their classic work had already made extensive use of the concept, which informed their analysis of organizational routines within an evolutionary perspective on technological change. In drawing attention to this concept, these authors helped revive widespread interest in the earlier work of Michael Polanyi, to the point where tacit knowledge has come to be recognized as a central component of the learning economy, and a key to innovation and value creation. Moreover, tacit knowledge is also acknowledged as a prime determinant of the geography of innovative activity, since its central role in the process of learning through interacting tends to reinforce the local over the global. For a growing number of scholars, this explains the perpetuation and deepening of geographical concentration in a world of expanding markets, weakening borders, and ever cheaper and more pervasive communication technologies. Recently, tacit knowledge has received considerable attention within the field of industrial economics (see for e.g. Cowan, David, and Foray 2000; Johnson, Lorenz, and Lundvall 2002), where a process of critical re-examination has begun.

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