scholarly journals Predicting the Acute Liver Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Rats and Humans by an In Vitro–In Silico Testing Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (13) ◽  
pp. 2000063
Author(s):  
Ixchel Gilbert‐Sandoval ◽  
Sebastiaan Wesseling ◽  
Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Testing Strategy

scholarly journals An Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategy for Repeat Dose Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Grindon ◽  
Robert Combes ◽  
Mark T.D. Cronin ◽  
David W. Roberts ◽  
John F. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Repeat Dose ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Repeat Dose Toxicity ◽  
Joint Research Project

This paper presents some results of a joint research project conducted by FRAME and Liverpool John Moores University, and sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity end-points associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for repeat dose (sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic) toxicity testing. It reviews the limited number of in silico and in vitro tests available for this endpoint, and outlines new technologies which could be used in the future, e.g. the use of biomarkers and the ‘omics’ technologies. An integrated testing strategy is proposed, which makes use of as much non-animal data as possible, before any essential in vivo studies are performed. Although none of the non-animal tests are currently undergoing validation, their results could help to reduce the number of animals required for testing for repeat dose toxicity.

scholarly journals Thinking Out of the Box: On the Ability of Zea mays L. to Biotrasform Aflatoxin B1 Into Its Modified Forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Righetti ◽  
Enrico Rolli ◽  
Luca Dellafiora ◽  
Gianni Galaverna ◽  
Michele Suman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Modified Forms

While aflatoxin metabolism in animals has been clarified, very limited information is so far available on the possible biotransformation occurring in plants. Therefore, this work aimed at investigating whether AFB1 metabolites could occur in field-grown infected maize and the putative role of Zea mays L. metabolism in their production. For such scope, asymptomatic in vitro–grown plantlets and in silico evaluations of plant transforming enzymes were used to pinpoint how plants may handle these compounds. Our data demonstrated the role of maize plants in the production of Phase I hydroxylated aflatoxins, including, among others, AFM1, AFM2, and aflatoxicol, and suggest that plant cytochromes may be involved in this biotransformation of AFB1.

An Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategy for Repeat Dose Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Grindon ◽  
Robert Combes ◽  
Mark T.D. Cronin ◽  
David W. Roberts ◽  
John F. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Repeat Dose ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Repeat Dose Toxicity ◽  
Joint Research Project

This paper presents some results of a joint research project conducted by FRAME and Liverpool John Moores University, and sponsored by Defra, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity end-points associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for repeat dose (sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic) toxicity testing. It reviews the limited number of in silico and in vitro tests available for this endpoint, and outlines new technologies which could be used in the future, e.g. the use of biomarkers and the ‘omics’ technologies. An integrated testing strategy is proposed, which makes use of as much non-animal data as possible, before any essential in vivo studies are performed. Although none of the non-animal tests are currently undergoing validation, their results could help to reduce the number of animals required for testing for repeat dose toxicity.

Predicting skin sensitisation using a decision tree integrated testing strategy with an in silico model and in chemico/in vitro assays

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna S. Macmillan ◽  
Steven J. Canipa ◽  
Martyn L. Chilton ◽  
Richard V. Williams ◽  
Christopher G. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
In Silico ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
In Silico Model ◽  
Skin Sensitisation ◽  
Integrated Testing

An Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategy for Eye Irritation with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Grindon ◽  
Robert Combes ◽  
Mark T.D. Cronin ◽  
David W. Roberts ◽  
John F. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Eye Irritation ◽  
Joint Research Project

This paper presents some results of a joint research project, sponsored by Defra and conducted by FRAME and Liverpool John Moores University, on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for the safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with REACH. This paper focuses on the use of alternative (non-animal) methods (both in vitro and in silico) for eye irritation testing. The manuscript reviews numerous in vitro tests and their possible collation into test batteries, in silico models and a refined in vivo method (the low volume eye test), before combining the use of all these methods into an integrated testing strategy. The aim of this strategy is a reduction in the number of animal tests which would need to be performed in the process of fulfilling the REACH system criteria; this would also lead to a lowering of the number of animals required in compliance with the REACH system requirements.

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