scholarly journals Contributing factors to long-term citation count in marine and freshwater biology articles

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Nash ◽  
Rafael J. Araújo ◽  
Geoffrey S. Shideler
Keyword(s):  
Citation Count ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Freshwater Biology

scholarly journals “Foreign Terrorist Fighters”: A Human Rights Approach?

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 120-172
Author(s):  
Helen Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Term Impact

This article reflects on the proliferation of responses to the so-called phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters,” and the profound human rights challenges they give rise to. It considers national, regional and international developments, many spurred by an activist Security Council, through which expanded powers have been assumed and rights restricted by reference to the need to respond to ftf threats. A series of uncomfortable relationships emerge from this analysis. They include for example tensions: between the evolving and still relatively superficial understanding of the nature and source of uncertain threats and contributing factors on the one hand, and the onerous and far-reaching nature of responses directed against them on the other; between the expansive use of coercive measures including criminal law, and basic constraining principles of criminal law upon which its legitimacy and power depends, such as individual culpability, harm principle and remoteness; or between the original purposes of most ftf measures and their impact in practice, on the operation of humanitarian law, on humanitarian workers and human rights defenders, and on the rule of law. Exceptional ftf measures continue to spread their reach and creep into other areas of security and organised crime. The article highlights the need to consider the short and long term impact, on the full range of rights of many, of the array of administrative, criminal and other measures being passed into law and implemented in practice across the globe in the name of responding to the ill-defined phenomenon of “ftfs”.

scholarly journals Next Generation Sequencing Discoveries of the Nitrate-Responsive Oral Microbiome and Its Effect on Vascular Responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa M. Grant ◽  
Daniel Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Cardiovascular disease is a worldwide human condition which has multiple underlying contributing factors: one of these is long-term increased blood pressure—hypertension. Nitric oxide (NO) is a small nitrogenous radical species that has a number of physiological functions including vasodilation. It can be produced enzymatically through host nitric oxide synthases and by an alternative nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway from ingested inorganic nitrate. It was discovered that this route relies on the ability of the oral microbiota to reduce nitrate to nitrite and NO. Next generation sequencing has been used over the past two decades to gain deeper insight into the microbes involved, their location and the effect of their removal from the oral cavity. This review article presents this research and comments briefly on future directions.

Wars for Ethnic or Nationalist Supremacy

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin P. Johnson ◽  
Ashlea Rundlett
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Religious Wars ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Identity Based

Conflicts that occur along ethnic or nationalist lines are often the most protracted, violent, and difficult to resolve in the long term. Civil wars are often divided into two distinct types: ethnic/religious wars (identity), and revolutionary wars (nonidentity). The distinction between these conflict types is based on whether cleavages within a society occur along ethnic lines or along lines that cut across ethnic divisions and are focused on issues including class, ideology, or seeking significant policy orientation of change. The most significant theoretical and empirical contributions to the understanding of ethnic conflicts in recent years come from the disaggregation of civil wars focusing on micro- and group-level dynamics. This disaggregation supports theoretical advancement and a departure from using macro-level data with micro-level mechanisms supports transition from a monadic to dyadic study of ethnic conflict, and supports examination of potential causal mechanisms of ethnic violence. Scholarly traditions and theoretical approaches explaining identity mobilization along ethnic or nationalist lines, the contributing factors that explain the transition from mobilization to the exercise of political violence, the duration of identity-based conflicts, and the long-term prospects for settlement of the conflict have enjoyed a proliferation of studies using newly available data featuring subnational units. These include explanations of conflicts based in sociological foundations focused on the formation and maintenance of identity, structural explanations for internal conflict focus on the capacity of the state and the distribution of political authority within a political system, and the opportunity for rebellion.

scholarly journals Loss of patency after surgical repair of major laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile duct injuries: Contributing factors and long term outcomes

HPB ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. S351-S352
Author(s):  
J. Lindemann ◽  
J. Krige ◽  
U. Kotze ◽  
M. Bernon ◽  
S. Burmeister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Bile Duct ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Bile Duct Injuries

The Course of Intellectual Development in Preterm and Fullterm Children: An 8-year Longitudinal Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Kalmár
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Biomedical Data ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Preterm Group

A total of 55 preterm children born at low to moderate risk and a comparison group of 100 healthy fullterm children were studied until they reached 8 years of age. Perinatal biomedical data and environmental data were considered as potential contributors to developmental outcome. The Budapest Binet intelligence quotients (IQs) were used as outcome measures. The mean IQs for both groups fell within the normal range at each measurement point. However, the differential patterns of IQ development in the preterm and term group underscore the significance of the age variable. Instead of a gradually declining impact of prematurity, the age effect resulted in a complex pattern. The considerable intra-group variability within the preterm group and the correlates of outcome suggest that biological hazards related to birth may have subtle long-term influences. Variables tapping the quality of home environment, however, clearly outweighed the perinatal risk factors in their ability to predict long-term outcomes. The results suggest a transaction between the two spheres of contributing factors. Long-term follow-up studies with multiple measurement points are essential if we are to understand the developmental implications of premature birth.

scholarly journals Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation Between Health and Economic Status

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P Smith
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Household Savings ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Medical Expenses ◽  
Dual Relation ◽  
Access To Medical Care

This paper sketches theoretical reasons why health may alter household savings and provides evidence on the empirical impact of health shocks on household wealth. The impacts on saving are quantitatively large and only partly explained by increased out-of-pocket medical expenses. Other contributing factors include reduced earnings and a revision in life expectancy. The author also delves into reasons why economic status, access to medical care, and deleterious personal behaviors have been rejected as insufficient explanations. New theories emphasize long-term impacts of early childhood or even intrauterine factors, cumulative effects of prolonged exposures to stress, or reactions of macrosocietal factors like rising levels of income inequality.

The Contributing Factors of Stimulation Design to Incremental and Long-Term Productivity in Bakken Play

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fujian Zhou ◽  
Yanpeng Xue ◽  
Hongyan Qu ◽  
Xiaolun Qin
Keyword(s):  
Contributing Factors
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