Biological activities of undescribed North American lichen species

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (14) ◽  
pp. 4721-4726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik A Yeash ◽  
Lyndon Letwin ◽  
Lada Malek ◽  
Zacharias Suntres ◽  
Kerry Knudsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Lichen Species

Biological activities of two phospholipases A2 from North American snake venoms

Toxicon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. S28-S29
Author(s):  
E. Salazar ◽  
C. Zavala ◽  
A. Cantu ◽  
O. Sanchez ◽  
M. Suntravat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Snake Venoms ◽  
Phospholipases A2

scholarly journals Lichens: traditional use and biological activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchira R. Sutar ◽  
◽  
Subhash B. Gaikwad ◽  
Sachin V. Mapari ◽  
Bhaskar C. Behera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The World ◽  
Immense Potential

Lichens are a stable symbiotic association between photobiont (algae and/or cyanobacteria) and mycobiont (fungi). They are utilized in traditional medicine for ages and documented in various pharmacopeia throughout the world. India is having a rich diversity of lichen species represented by about 2400 species. The tribal inhabitant around forests and other difficult terrains acquired unique knowledge about the use of much wide flora and fauna. Most of these are either lesser known or unknown to the outside world. The treasure of traditional knowledge if subjected to scientific scrutiny could benefit humankind in many ways. They produce unique secondary metabolites through various metabolic pathways and are known to exhibit a wide array of bioactivities. We have reviewed the literature for traditional knowledge of the lichen species and biological activities reported to study its inter-relationship. It was observed that that still a major percentage of lichens have remained unexplored. These lichens may have immense potential; and if analysed could be used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic industries, and many more.

scholarly journals The Genus Pachyma (Syn. Wolfiporia) Reinstated and Species Clarification of the Cultivated Medicinal Mushroom “Fuling” in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wu ◽  
Shou-Jian Li ◽  
Cai-Hong Dong ◽  
Yu-Cheng Dai ◽  
Viktor Papp
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
North American ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
East Asian ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Medicinal Mushroom ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Wide Range

The fungus “Fuling” has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for more than 2000 years, and its sclerotia have a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-aging etc. This prized medicinal mushroom also known as “Hoelen” is resurrected from a piece of pre-Linnean scientific literature. Fries treated it as Pachyma hoelen Fr. and mentioned that it was cultivated on pine trees in China. However, this name had been almost forgotten, and Poria cocos (syn. Wolfiporia cocos), originally described from North America, and known as “Tuckahoe” has been applied to “Fuling” in most publications. Although Merrill mentioned a 100 years ago that Asian Pachyma hoelen and North American P. cocos are similar but different, no comprehensive taxonomical studies have been carried out on the East Asian Pachyma hoelen and its related species. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination on both the sclerotia and the basidiocarps which are very seldomly developed, the East Asian samples of Pachyma hoelen including sclerotia, commercial strains for cultivation and fruiting bodies, nested in a strongly supported, homogeneous lineage which clearly separated from the lineages of North American Wolfiporia cocos and other species. So we confirm that the widely cultivated “Fuling” Pachyma hoelen in East Asia is not conspecific with the North American Wolfiporia cocos. Based on the changes in Art. 59 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the generic name Pachyma, which was sanctioned by Fries, has nomenclatural priority (ICN, Art. F.3.1), and this name well represents the economically important stage of the generic type. So we propose to use Pachyma rather than Wolfiporia, and subsequently Pachyma hoelen and Pachyma cocos are the valid names for “Fuling” in East Asia and “Tuckahoe” in North America, respectively. In addition, a new combination, Pachyma pseudococos, is proposed. Furthermore, it seems that Pachyma cocos is a species complex, and that three species exist in North America.

Bacidia rosellizans, a new lichen species from the taiga belt

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan EKMAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Pale Pink ◽  
The Usa

AbstractBacidia rosellizans S. Ekman is described as new to science. Morphologically, the new species is similar to the type species of the genus, B. rosella (Pers.) De Not., particularly in the pale pink and pigment-deficient apothecia and in having the proper exciple and upper part of the hymenium inspersed with minute crystals that consist at least partly of atranorin. Bacidia rosellizans, however, differs in having a thin whitish thallus, smaller apothecia and a thinner apothecial margin, a dense layer of crystals along the excipular rim, shorter and narrower ascospores with fewer septa, and septate conidia. Whereas B. rosella is a species occurring in the nemoral zone of Europe and possibly northernmost Africa and parts of Asia (but not North America), B. rosellizans is found mainly on Populus and Salix in taiga. This species is currently known from Sweden, Russia, Canada and the USA. It was erroneously treated as Bacidia rosella in a monograph of North American corticolous species of Bacidia and Bacidina by Ekman (in Opera Botanica 127, 1996).

scholarly journals Activity throughout the lichen phylogeny indicates a focus on regulation of specialized metabolites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila V. Roze ◽  
Maris Laivenieks ◽  
Kristi Gdanetz ◽  
John E. Linz ◽  
Alan M. Fryday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Specialized Metabolism ◽  
Specialized Metabolites ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
Interesting Study

AbstractLichens are complex multi-microorganismal communities that have evolved the ability to share their thalli with a variety of microorganisms. As such, the lichenized fungus becomes a scaffold for a variety of microbes and occasionally insects. Lichens are known to produce a plethora of unique specialized (secondary) compounds that demonstrate biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant, that may provide protection from harmful microbes. The longevity of lichens and their robustness, despite a close association with diverse microbes, provides an interesting study system to view the role of specialized metabolites in managing a microbial community. The objective of this study was to identify the effects lichens may have on basic functions of fungi in and on the lichens. We tested chemical extracts from lichen species across the phylogenetic tree for their effects on sporulation, hyphal growth and specialized metabolite production, using two well-studied mycotoxigenic fungi (Aspergillus parasiticus (aflatoxin) and Fusarium graminearum (trichothecenes) whose functions are easily observed in culture. By far the most prevalent activity among the 67 lichens we tested were effects on accumulation of fungal specialized metabolites, which appeared in 92% of the lichen species analyzed across the phylogeny, although the lichen extracts were also active against fungal sporulation (31%) and growth (12%). The consistent presence of this regulatory activity for specialized metabolism indicates this is an important aspect of lichen integrity. Interestingly, inhibition of accumulation of products of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway was the predominant activity, whereas increased accumulation versus decreased accumulation of the production of trichothecenes were about equal. This suggests multiple mechanisms for addressing fungal processes. We performed microbiome analysis of four lichen species and identified oomycetes as members of the microbiomes. Although a small sample size was used for comparing microbiomes, the lichen species exhibiting lower effects on the test fungi had a higher number of OTUs. Members of the lichen community may manipulate specialized metabolism of the essential and transient fungal members and thus attenuate negative interactions with the incumbent fungi or, alternatively, may support the production of compounds by beneficial fungal partners. The ability to control the microbiome by specialized metabolites as opposed to controlling by reducing sporulation of growth, can be effective, discerning, and energetically thrifty, allowing the microbiome members to be controlled without being invasive. Elucidating the role of specialized metabolites in the mechanisms underlying lichen assembly and function has important implications for understanding not only lichen community assembly but for revealing the fundamental processes in microbiota in general.

The Chic-Choc Mountains are the last southern refuge for Arctic lichens in eastern North America

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Troy McMullin ◽  
Briann C. Dorin
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Last Glacial Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Alpine Species ◽  
Disjunct Populations ◽  
The Last Glacial

Endemic and disjunct populations of vascular plants and cryptogams occurring in the Chic-Choc Mountains on the Gaspé Peninsula in eastern Québec, Canada, have been attracting botanists for over a century. Although controversial, these ancient mountains have been hypothesized to have been nunataks during the Wisconsin glaciation in part because they contain vascular plants that are not known to colonize nearby mountains with similar environments that were not thought to be nunataks. To determine whether there are lichen species that have the same pattern as the vascular plants, we examined the North American distribution of all the approximately 600 lichens known from the Chic-Chocs. Fifteen Arctic-alpine species were found to reach the edge of their southeastern North American range in the Chic-Chocs. Six of these species are not known to occur again for over 1000 km to the north. These results provide an additional layer of biogeographic knowledge about the unusual flora of the Chic-Chocs and lend some support to the hypothesis that the Chic-Chocs might have been nunataks during the last glacial period. Any Arctic-alpine species occurring in the Chic-Chocs are good candidates for monitoring the effects of climate change, but the 15 lichen species that reach their southeastern limit in this range might be the most vulnerable.

scholarly journals Population genomics of a reindeer lichen species from North American lichen woodlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Alonso‐García ◽  
Felix Grewe ◽  
Serge Payette ◽  
Juan Carlos Villarreal A.
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Reindeer Lichen
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