Soil nitrogen. VI.—correlations between laboratory measurements of soil mineral-N and crop yields and responses in pot and field experiments

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 562-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. R. Gasser
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N

Five years of straw incorporation and its effect on growth, yield and nitrogen nutrition of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Allison ◽  
H. M. Hetschkun
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Straw Incorporation

SUMMARYIn 1990–92, field experiments were performed at Broom's Barn Experimental Station to study the effect of 5 years' repeated straw incorporation on sugarbeet. Straw incorporation had no effect on plant population density. Processing quality was reduced by incorporated straw but N had a much larger effect. The effect of incorporated straw on the mineral N content of the soils and N uptake by beet was inconsistent, and this may be related to the amount of soil mineral N present when the straw was incorporated. The efficiency of fertilizer use was unaffected by straw incorporation. On Broom's Barn soils when straw was incorporated, the optimal economic N dressing was c. 120 kg N/ha, and in unincorporated plots it was c. 100 kg N/ha. At the optimal economic N rate, incorporated straw increased beet yields.

Nitrogen availability in a Darling Downs soil following cereal, oilseed and grain legume crops. 1. Soil nitrogen accumulation

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Strong ◽  
J Harbison ◽  
RGH Nielsen ◽  
BD Hall ◽  
EK Best
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N

Available soil mineral nitrogen (N) was determined in a Darling Downs clay at intervals of 4-6 weeks throughout summer and autumn after harvest of two cereals (wheat and oats), two oilseeds (rapeseed and linseed), and four grain legumes (chickpea, fieldpea, lupin and lathyrus). Soil mineral N (0-1.2 m) at 40,68, 107, 150 and 185 days after harvest was affected (P < 0.05) by the prior crop. At 40 days it was generally higher following grain legumes (34-76 kg/ha N) than following oilseeds or cereals (16-30 kg/ha N). Net increase during the next 145 days was in the order of cereals (2 1-27 kg/ha N) < oilseeds (40 kg/ha N) <grain legumes (53-85 kg/ha N). These differences are partly accounted for by differences in the quantities of N removed in the grain of these crops. However, a large quantity of mineral N accumulated following lupin even though a large quantity (80 kg/ha) was removed in the grain.

Nitrate accumulation under pea cropping and the effects of crop establishment methods: a sustainability issue

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 581 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Evans ◽  
NA Fettell ◽  
GE O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Sustainability Issue

Grain legume-cereal rotations are unsustainable on acid soils because they promote acidification of surface soil through nitrate leaching. Two field experiments were conducted on red, clay-loams in the cropping zone of central western New South Wales to determine whether soil mineral N concentrations during crop growth are higher under pea than barley, and whether the nitrate concentration under pea crops can be decreased by ammending soil with cereal straw before sowing.Significantly higher mineral N, particularly nitrate, was found under pea than under barley, as early as 6 weeks following autumn sowing, and also in spring. The pea effect represented an increase of up to 23 kg N/ha of mineral N (0-30 cm). It is proposed that the source of higher nitrate concentration under pea may be residual soil nitrate not utilised by pea, or nitrate derived from the mineralisation of pea roots or exudate. The increase in soil nitrate during pea growth contributes to greater postharvest soil mineral N and higher wheat yields after pea, but also increases the risk of soil acidification. Soil ammendment with cereal straw was partially effective in reducing nitrate concentration under pea, but a more effective treatment is required.

scholarly journals The Effect of Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) on Crop Yields, Nitrogen Content and Uptake, and Soil Mineral Nitrogen Balance

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2307
Author(s):  
Anna Nogalska ◽  
Aleksandra Załuszniewska
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N

A long-term (six year) field experiment was conducted in Poland to evaluate the effect of meat and bone meal (MBM), applied without or with mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on crop yields, N content and uptake by plants, and soil mineral N balance. Five treatments were compared: MBM applied at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Mg ha−1, inorganic NPK, and zero-fert check. Mineral N accounted for 100% of the total N rate (158 kg ha−1) in the NPK treatment and 50%, 25%, and 0% in MBM treatments. The yield of silage maize supplied with MBM was comparable with that of plants fertilized with NPK at 74 Mg ha−1 herbage (30% DM) over two years on average. The yields of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape were highest in the NPK treatment (8.9 Mg ha−1 grain and 3.14 Mg ha−1 seeds on average). The addition of 25% and 50% of mineral N to MBM had no influence on the yields of the tested crops. The N content of plants fertilized with MBM was satisfactory (higher than in the zero-fert treatment), and considerable differences were found between years of the study within crop species. Soil mineral N content was determined by N uptake by plants rather than the proportion of mineral N in the total N rate. Nitrogen utilization by plants was highest in the NPK treatment (58%) and in the treatment where mineral N accounted for 50% of the total N rate (48%).

Application of anhydrous ammonia or urea during the fallow period for winter cereals on the Darling Downs, Queensland .I. Effect of time on soil mineral N at sowing

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Strong ◽  
JE Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia

Nine field experiments were conducted in 1978, 1981 and 1982 to evaluate applications of anhydrous ammonia (AA) or urea applied during the fallow period (January-May) for winter cereal crops. Following fertilizer application, soil was sampled using a stratified soil coring procedure to determine the rate of transformation of applied N to nitrate (nitrification), the quantity of N remaining in mineral forms (NH4+NO3 and NO2), and the movement of applied N into the subsoil. Nitrification of applied N was usually quite rapid in moist soil, particularly with early application (January, February or March when mean soil temperature was >20�C. Very similar rates of nitrification (0.6-4.7 kg N ha-1 day-1) were found for AA and urea applications in May 1982. Extreme drying of soil following N application reduced nitrification to a very low rate in May 1982 (0.6 kg N ha-1 day-1) and to an undetectable level in January 1981. In moist soil in February 1978, AA applied at 56 kg N ha-1 was nitrified completely after 11 days and the 112 kg N ha-1 rate was estimated to have nitrified completely in about 12 days. Also, AA applied to moist soil in May 1978 was estimated to have nitrified completely in about 28 and 42 days for 56 and 112 kg N ha-1 rates, respectively. Low recovery of early applied N as soil mineral N in June 1981 was associated with very heavy rain received during the latter part of the fallow period (March-May). Soil erosion on sloping sites and on a level site was a likely cause for the very low recovery (<47% that of a May application) of January-applied N, and some movement of mineral N below 0.2 m was also evident. Low recovery in fertilized soil (0.2 m) at the level sites was due to a large proportion of mineral N moving into the subsoil (below 0.9 m at one site). Also, prolonged periods of waterlogging during April probably promoted some loss of N due to denitrification, thus resulting in reduction in soil mineral N levels. Low recoveries of early applied N in mineral forms at the end of relatively drier fallows in 1978 and 1982 were also associated with soil saturating rainfall during the latter part of the fallow period. Where wheat crops responded to applied N, January or February applications were less effective than May applications to increase yield and N content of grain.

scholarly journals Environmental advantages of binary mixtures of Trifolium incarnatum and Lolium multiflorum over individual pure stands

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kramberger ◽  
A. Gselman ◽  
M. Podvršnik ◽  
J. Kristl ◽  
M. Lešnik
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Winter Cover ◽  
Winter Cover Crops

To investigate the environmental advantages of using grass-clover binary mixtures over pure stands as winter cover crops, a serial of five field experiments (each designed as randomized complete blocks with four replicates) was carried out in eastern Slovenia. Trifolium incarnatum L. and Lolium multiflorum Lam. were sown in late summer as pure stands and binary mixtures. Pooled data calculated from all the experiments revealed that the soil mineral N in spring and accumulation of N by plants decreased with decreasing proportion of T. incarnatum in the binary mixtures, while the C:N ratio of cover crop organic matter increased. C accumulation was the highest when the seeding ratio of the binary mixture of T. incarnatum and L. multiflorum was 50:50. In the C and N environmentally sustainable management efficiency coefficients, three important traits of winter cover crops for environmental pro-tection were given equal importance (low soil mineral N content in spring, high C accumulation in plants, and high N accumulation in plants). The coefficient was higher for binary mixtures of T. incarnatum and L. multiflorum than for pure stands of these crops, proving the complex environmental advantages of binary mixtures over pure stands.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield of Broccoli as Affected by the Nitrogen Content of Transplants and the Timing of Nitrogen Fertilization

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1320-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Feller ◽  
Matthias Fink
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Supply

The nitrogen requirement of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) ranges from 300 to 465 kg·ha–1. Recommendations for N fertilization are accordingly high. High fertilizer rates applied at planting result in a high soil mineral N content that remains high for weeks because the N requirement of the crop is low at early growth stages. Therefore, the risk of leaching is high for several weeks until the available N is finally taken up by the crop. Our study had two objectives: 1) to quantify yield responses to preplant fertilization, and 2) to test our hypothesis that the preplant fertilization rate could be reduced without yield losses by increasing the N content in the transplants and improving crop establishment. Field experiments were carried out on transplants with four levels of N content in dry matter (0.018 to 0.038 g·g–1 dry weight), which were tested in all combinations with four fertilization timings. All treatments received the same amount of N fertilizer (270 and 272 kg·ha–1 in 2001 and 2002, respectively), but with different rates of supply at the time of planting (0 to 90 kg·ha–1 N fertilizer plus 30 and 28 kg·ha–1 soil mineral N in 2001 and 2002, respectively). Total and marketable yields increased significantly with an increasing N supply at time of planting. In our experiments, in which topdressing was applied 25 days after planting, an N supply at planting of 80 to 118 kg·ha–1 was required to obtain maximum marketable yields. The N content in transplants had little effect on growth and yield, and there were no significant interactions between the N content in the transplant and fertilizer timing.

scholarly journals Nitrogen enrichment enhances the dominance of grasses over forbs in a temperate steppe ecosystem

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2341-2350 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Song ◽  
X. Bao ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
P. Christie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Temperate Steppe ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Steppe Ecosystem

Abstract. Chinese grasslands are extensive natural ecosystems that comprise 40 % of the total land area of the country and are sensitive to N deposition. A field experiment with six N rates (0, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 kg N ha−1 yr−1) was conducted at Duolun, Inner Mongolia, during 2005 and 2010 to identify some effects of N addition on a temperate steppe ecosystem. The dominant plant species in the plots were divided into two categories, grasses and forbs, on the basis of species life forms. Enhanced N deposition, even as little as 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1 above ambient N deposition (16 kg N ha−1 yr−1), led to a decline in species richness. The cover of grasses increased with N addition rate but their species richness showed a weak change across N treatments. Both species richness and cover of forbs declined strongly with increasing N deposition as shown by linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). Increasing N deposition elevated aboveground production of grasses but lowered aboveground biomass of forbs. Plant N concentration, plant δ15N and soil mineral N increased with N addition, showing positive relationships between plant δ15N and N concentration, soil mineral N and/or applied N rate. The cessation of N application in the 480 kg N ha−1 yr−1 treatment in 2009 and 2010 led to a slight recovery of the forb species richness relative to total cover and aboveground biomass, coinciding with reduced plant N concentration and soil mineral N. The results show N deposition-induced changes in soil N transformations and plant N assimilation that are closely related to changes in species composition and biomass accumulation in this temperate steppe ecosystem.

Gross rates of soil N2O emission and uptake and denitrification gene abundance in temperate cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Luo ◽  
Lukas Beule ◽  
Guodong Shao ◽  
Edzo Veldkamp ◽  
Marife D. Corre
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Gene Abundance ◽  
Denitrification Gene

&lt;p&gt;Monoculture croplands are considered as major sources of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O). The conversion of monoculture croplands to agroforestry systems, e.g., integrating trees within croplands, is an essential climate-smart management system through extra C sequestration and can potentially mitigate N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions. So far, no study has systematically compared gross rates of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emission and uptake between cropland agroforestry and monoculture. In this study, we used an in-situ &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O pool dilution technique to simultaneously measure gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emission and uptake over two consecutive growing seasons (2018 - 2019) at three sites in Germany: two sites were on Phaeozem and Cambisol soils with each site having a pair of cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems, and an additional site with only monoculture on an Arenosol soil prone to high nitrate leaching. Our results showed that cropland agroforestry had lower gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions and higher gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O uptake than in monoculture at the site with Phaeozem soil (P &amp;#8804; 0.018 &amp;#8211; 0.025) and did not differ in gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions and uptake with cropland monoculture at the site with Cambisol soil (P &amp;#8805; 0.36). Gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions were positively correlated with soil mineral N and heterotrophic respiration which, in turn, were correlated with soil temperature, and with water-filled pore space (WFPS) (r = 0.24 &amp;#8210; 0.54, P &lt; 0.01). Gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions were also negatively correlated with nosZ clade I gene abundance (involved in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-to-N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; reduction, r = -0.20, P &lt; 0.05). These findings showed that across sites and management systems changes in gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions were driven by changes in substrate availability and aeration condition (i.e., soil mineral N, C availability, and WFPS), which also influenced denitrification gene abundance. The strong regression values between gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions and net N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions (R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#8805; 0.96, P &lt; 0.001) indicated that gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions largely drove net soil N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions. Across sites and management systems, annual soil gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions and uptake were controlled by clay contents which, in turn, correlated with indices of soil fertility (i.e., effective cation exchange capacity, total N, and C/N ratio) (Spearman rank&amp;#8217;s rho = -0.76 &amp;#8211; 0.86, P &amp;#8804; 0.05). The lower gross N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions from the agroforestry tree rows at two sites indicated the potential of agroforestry in reducing soil N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions, supporting the need for temperate cropland agroforestry to be considered in greenhouse gas mitigation policies.&lt;/p&gt;

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