Fertilizer location modifies root zone salinity, root morphology, and water-stress resistance of tree seedlings according to the watering regime in a dryland reforestation

2016 ◽  
Vol 179 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F. Ovalle ◽  
Eduardo C. Arellano ◽  
Rosanna Ginocchio ◽  
Pablo Becerra
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Root Zone Salinity

scholarly journals THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF SUGAR CANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM): A REVIEW

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. V. CARR ◽  
J. W. KNOX
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Technology Choice

SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation needs of sugar cane are collated and summarized in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information on the centres of production of sugar cane is followed by reviews of (1) crop development, including roots; (2) plant water relations; (3) crop water requirements; (4) water productivity; (5) irrigation systems and (6) irrigation scheduling. The majority of the recent research published in the international literature has been conducted in Australia and southern Africa. Leaf/stem extension is a more sensitive indicator of the onset of water stress than stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. Possible mechanisms by which cultivars differ in their responses to drought have been described. Roots extend in depth at rates of 5–18 mm d−1 reaching maximum depths of > 4 m in ca. 300 d providing there are no physical restrictions. The Penman-Monteith equation and the USWB Class A pan both give good estimates of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). The corresponding values for the crop coefficient (Kc) are 0.4 (initial stage), 1.25 (peak season) and 0.75 (drying off phase). On an annual basis, the total water-use (ETc) is in the range 1100–1800 mm, with peak daily rates of 6–15 mm d−1. There is a linear relationship between cane/sucrose yields and actual evapotranspiration (ETc) over the season, with slopes of about 100 (cane) and 13 (sugar) kg (ha mm)−1 (but variable). Water stress during tillering need not result in a loss in yield because of compensatory growth on re-watering. Water can be withheld prior to harvest for periods of time up to the equivalent of twice the depth of available water in the root zone. As alternatives to traditional furrow irrigation, drag-line sprinklers and centre pivots have several advantages, such as allowing the application of small quantities of water at frequent intervals. Drip irrigation should only be contemplated when there are well-organized management systems in place. Methods for scheduling irrigation are summarized and the reasons for their limited uptake considered. In conclusion, the ‘drivers for change’, including the need for improved environmental protection, influencing technology choice if irrigated sugar cane production is to be sustainable are summarized.

A Comparison of Indirect Watering Devices for Benefiting Newly Transplanted Urban Trees

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik Hossain ◽  
H. Christoph Stuhlinger ◽  
Matthew Olson ◽  
Benjamin Babst
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Water Release ◽  
Purchase Cost ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Tree Stem

Three types of indirect watering devices were compared to evaluate their performance and to determine their benefits to newly transplanted river birch (Betula nigra) trees grown in containers with well drained compost in a controlled greenhouse experiment. Two examples of each device type were used to water trees in this study: upright bags, ring bags, and open tubs. Watering device characteristics, including purchase cost, weight, capacity, and drainage times, were measured prior to installing the devices around the trees. Tree stem heights and calipers, along with leaf coverage and leaf water potential, were measured to determine any growth or water stress differences associated with watering treatments. There was substantial variation in costs and drainage times among watering devices, with ring bags being the least expensive and draining water completely during the drainage test. However, there was no evidence that watering devices benefited tree growth, leaf rating, or water stress in comparison with direct watering, with the possible exception of Treegator ring bags, which may have reduced water stress marginally. Although water release from some of the indirect watering devices was much slower than direct watering, water release from all of the devices was completed within ten hours, which is too rapid to reduce the frequency of watering in our experiment. The major benefits of these devices are slower release of water to the soil, with reduced operator time required, and more infiltration into the soil and root zone, which avoids the surface runoff caused by quick hose (direct) watering.

scholarly journals Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Isolated From a Mexican Natural Ecosystem Induce Water Stress Resistance in Maize and Sorghum Plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisselle Perez Machado ◽  
Gisselle Perez Machado ◽  
Juan G Colli Mull ◽  
Guillermin Aguero Chapin ◽  
Gustavo A de la Riva de la Riva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

scholarly journals Policy-Driven Sustainable Saline Drainage Disposal and Forage Production in the Western San Joaquin Valley of California

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6362
Author(s):  
Amninder Singh ◽  
Nigel W. T. Quinn ◽  
Sharon E. Benes ◽  
Florence Cassel
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Agricultural Drainage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass ◽  
San Joaquin River ◽  
Agricultural Drainage Water ◽  
Irrigation Drainage ◽  
Root Zone Salinity

Environmental policies to address water quality impairments in the San Joaquin River of California have focused on the reduction of salinity and selenium-contaminated subsurface agricultural drainage loads from westside sources. On 31 December 2019, all of the agricultural drainage from a 44,000 ha subarea on the western side of the San Joaquin River basin was curtailed. This policy requires the on-site disposal of all of the agricultural drainage water in perpetuity, except during flooding events, when emergency drainage to the River is sanctioned. The reuse of this saline agricultural drainage water to irrigate forage crops, such as ‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass and alfalfa, in a 2428 ha reuse facility provides an economic return on this pollutant disposal option. Irrigation with brackish water requires careful management to prevent salt accumulation in the crop root zone, which can impact forage yields. The objective of this study was to optimize the sustainability of this reuse facility by maximizing the evaporation potential while achieving cost recovery. This was achieved by assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of the root zone salinity in selected fields of ‘Jose’ tall wheatgrass and alfalfa in the drainage reuse facility, some of which have been irrigated with brackish subsurface drainage water for over fifteen years. Electromagnetic soil surveys using an EM-38 instrument were used to measure the spatial variability of the salinity in the soil profile. The tall wheatgrass fields were irrigated with higher salinity water (1.2–9.3 dS m−1) compared to the fields of alfalfa (0.5–6.5 dS m−1). Correspondingly, the soil salinity in the tall wheatgrass fields was higher (12.5 dS m−1–19.3 dS m−1) compared to the alfalfa fields (8.97 dS m−1–14.4 dS m−1) for the years 2016 and 2017. Better leaching of salts was observed in the fields with a subsurface drainage system installed (13–1 and 13–2). The depth-averaged root zone salinity data sets are being used for the calibration of the transient hydro-salinity computer model CSUID-ID (a one-dimensional version of the Colorado State University Irrigation Drainage Model). This user-friendly decision support tool currently provides a useful framework for the data collection needed to make credible, field-scale salinity budgets. In time, it will provide guidance for appropriate leaching requirements and potential blending decisions for sustainable forage production. This paper shows the tie between environmental drainage policy and the role of local governance in the development of sustainable irrigation practices, and how well-directed collaborative field research can guide future resource management.

scholarly journals Root-Zone Salinity Alters Raffinose Oligosaccharide Metabolism and Transport in Coleus

1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 1267-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Gilbert ◽  
C. Wilson ◽  
M. A. Madore
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Zone Salinity

scholarly journals Heterogeneous root zone salinity mitigates salt injury to Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in a split-root system

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0227020
Author(s):  
Huawen Zhang ◽  
Runfeng Wang ◽  
Hailian Wang ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Mengping Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Split Root System ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Root Zone Salinity

scholarly journals Dark Septate Endophyte Improves Drought Tolerance of Ormosia hosiei Hemsley & E. H. Wilson by Modulating Root Morphology, Ultrastructure, and the Ratio of Root Hormones

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Xiaoli Wei
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Water Capacity

Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are known to help host plants survive drought stress; however, how DSEs enhance host plant drought resistance under water stress conditions remains unclear. The objective of this study was to inoculate Ormosia hosiei seedlings with a DSE strain (Acrocalymma vagum) to investigate the effects of DSE inoculation on root morphology, ultrastructure, and the endogenous hormone content under drought stress conditions and to elucidate the drought resistance mechanism involved in the DSE–host-plant association. The inoculated seedlings were grown under three different soil water conditions (well watered—75% field water capacity, moderate water—55% field water capacity, or low water—35% field water capacity) for 114 days. Fresh root weight, root volume, root surface area, root fork, and root tip number were significantly higher in inoculated seedlings than in noninoculated seedlings. Furthermore, the root architecture of the inoculated seedlings changed from herringbone branching to dichotomous branching. Mitochondria and other organelles in root cells of inoculated seedlings remained largely undamaged under water stress, whereas organelles in root cells of noninoculated seedlings were severely damaged. The abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and IAA/ABA ratio of inoculated seedlings were significantly higher than those of noninoculated seedlings, whereas the content of gibberellic acid (GA) and the ratios of GA/ABA, zeatin riboside (ZR)/ABA, and ZR/IAA in inoculated seedlings were lower than those of noninoculated seedlings. DSE inoculation could help plants adapt to a drought stress environment by altering root morphology, reducing ultrastructural damage, and influencing the balance of endogenous hormones, which could be of great significance for the cultivation and preservation of the O. hosiei tree.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange and Carbon Partitioning in the Leaves of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) at Various Levels of Root Zone Salinity

1994 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Everard ◽  
R. Gucci ◽  
S. C. Kann ◽  
J. A. Flore ◽  
W. H. Loescher
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Root Zone Salinity
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