scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factor for chronic diarrhea in participants of a Japanese medical checkup

JGH Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsumoto ◽  
Yuji Nadatani ◽  
Koji Otani ◽  
Akira Higashimori ◽  
Masaki Ominami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Medical Checkup

scholarly journals Description of Colonoscopy and Histopathology of Chronic Diarrhea Causes in Non-Neoplasm: Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Afifah Sakdyyah ◽  
Muhammad Begawan Bestari ◽  
Sri Suryanti
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Microscopic Colitis ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
Definite Diagnosis ◽  
Infectious Colitis ◽  
Common Cause

Chronic diarrhea is a diarrhea symptom which persists for ≥ 4 weeks as a symptom of a disease. Chronic diarrhea is a symptom which often becomes the patient’s cause to be referred to gastroenterology. In general, the prevalence of chronic diarrhea is approximated to be 5% in each populations, but there are obstacles in diagnosing the cause of chronic diarrhea, due to many differential diagnoses of the cause of chronic diarrhea. The cause of chronic diarrhea could be neoplasm and non-neoplasm. In several studies, through results of colonoscopy and histopathology, it was found that the most common cause of chronic diarrhea was non-neoplasm, including IBD, microscopic colitis as a risk factor, and infectious colitis as a differential diagnosis. Each of those diseases has similar symptoms, but different pathological description. Through descriptions of colonoscopy and histopathology of chronic diarrhea causes, it is possible to differentiate each non-neoplasm causes of chronic diarrhea. It could facilitate in finding the differences among the causes of chronic diarrhea especially in non-neoplasm cases, therefore possibly establishing a definite diagnosis. 

scholarly journals Incidental Adrenal Enlargement: An Overview from a Retrospective Study in a Chinese Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le-le Li ◽  
Wei-jun Gu ◽  
Jing-tao Dou ◽  
Guo-qing Yang ◽  
Zhao-hui Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Radiographic Finding ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Medical Checkup ◽  
Adrenal Enlargement ◽  
Adrenal Imaging

Aim. To investigate incidental adrenal enlargement clinical characteristics and functional status and analyze functional lesion risk factors.Materials and Methods. This retrospective study included 578 patients with adrenal imaging features showing enlargement. Incidental adrenal enlargement cases (78) were considered eligible. Demographics, functional diagnosis, adrenal imaging features, and concomitant diseases were analyzed.Results. The number of adrenal enlargements and proportion of incidental adrenal enlargement increased each year. Mean patient age was 50.32 years. Thirty-nine cases had unilateral enlargement on the left side and 3 on the right side; 36 had bilateral enlargement. Routine medical checkup was found to have the greatest chance (43.59%) of revealing clinical onsets leading to discovery. Biochemical and functional evaluation revealed 54 (69.23%) cases of nonfunctional lesions, 12 (15.38%) of subclinical Cushing syndrome, 6 (7.69%) of primary hyperaldosteronism, 1 (1.28%) of metastasis, and 5 (6.41%) of unknown functional status. Nodular adrenal enlargement (OR, 7.306; 95% CI, 1.727–28.667;P= 0.006) was a risk factor for functional lesions. Age and lesion location were not significant factors.Conclusion. Incidental adrenal enlargement is a frequent radiographic finding and is accompanied by diverse clinical factors that require proper evaluation and management. Nodular adrenal enlargement was a risk factor.

Clinical aspects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ascan Warnholtz ◽  
Maria Wendt ◽  
Michael August ◽  
Thomas Münzel
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
No Production ◽  
Oxygen Species

Endothelial dysfunction in the setting of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic smoking, as well as in the setting of heart failure, has been shown to be at least partly dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial and/or smooth muscle cells and the adventitia, and the subsequent decrease in vascular bioavailability of NO. Superoxide-producing enzymes involved in increased oxidative stress within vascular tissue include NAD(P)H-oxidase, xanthine oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in an uncoupled state. Recent studies indicate that endothelial dysfunction of peripheral and coronary resistance and conductance vessels represents a strong and independent risk factor for future cardiovascular events. Ways to reduce endothelial dysfunction include risk-factor modification and treatment with substances that have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and, simultaneously, to stimulate endothelial NO production, such as inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme or the statins. In contrast, in conditions where increased production of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide, in vascular tissue is established, treatment with NO, e.g. via administration of nitroglycerin, results in a rapid development of endothelial dysfunction, which may worsen the prognosis in patients with established coronary artery disease.

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