scholarly journals Context-dependent variability in the components of fish escape response: integrating locomotor performance and behavior

2010 ◽  
Vol 313A (2) ◽  
pp. 59-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Domenici
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
And Behavior

A Comparative Ethological Study of Strombid Gastropods

Behaviour ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 274-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Soft Body ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Line Islands ◽  
Made In ◽  
Ethological Study

AbstractThe behavior of ten species of strombid gastropods (Strombus and Lambis spp.) was studied in the Marshall, Hawaiian and Line Islands. Measurements were made in both the laboratory and the field of the MAP's comprising feeding, locomotion, righting of overturned shells, and escape from predators, which reflect significant ecological and morphological determinents of behavior in the Strombacea. All species feed by grazing with the proboscis under the protection of the shell. All Strombids use the MAP Leap during locomotion. The rate of locomotion varies as a hyperbolic function of length; increasing with greater size in the genus Strombus and decreasing in the genus Lambis. Larger animals travel a greater distance with each leap but make fewer leaps/minute. Species of Strombus right their overturned shells by a Kick at the substratum with the operculum, but species of Lambis use the MAP Pull and turn the animal over with the operculum wedged under the shell. Only one attempt is needed in the species of Lambis, but more are used by the faster moving species of Strombus. Intention movements are performed during righting. Species of both genera escape from molluscivorous cones using the MAP's Tentacle Wave, Flip and Run. In the species of Strombus, Flip causes a backward movement of the shell off the substratum, but in species of Lambis the shell restricts the movements and the animal merely turns to one side. Escape locomotion is much faster than normal locomotion, due to the greater distances travelled with each flip by the smaller species of Strombus and the greater number of leaps/minute made by all species. The flip escape response appears particularly adapted for escape from dart-shooting predators. A review of the literature on strombid behavior shows that the behavior of all species within the Strombacea is remarkably similar even though there is great disparity in shell shapes. Because of similarities in soft body parts and behavior, the Xenophoridae should be retained within the Strombacea. It is suggested that the species within the Strombacea evolved in parallel from a common aporrhaid-like stock and the behavior has diverged less than shell form and is therefore a more conservative character in the group's phylogeny than is shell shape. The behavior of a snail can be greatly modified by its shell. Differences in behavior between Strombus and Lambis are attributed to restrictions imposed by the shell and not differences in body movements. Behavior must be adapted to the shell shape and both, of course, reflect the animal's ecological setting.

scholarly journals Habit Formation and Behavior Change

Psychology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Gardner ◽  
Amanda L. Rebar
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Real World ◽  
Habit Formation ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavior Change Interventions ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
And Behavior

Many of the most pressing societal issues—e.g., health, illness, and associated costs; climate change—are rooted in behavior. Even small changes to everyday behaviors can bring considerable benefits. Many people successfully adopt new behaviors but fail to maintain them over time. This problem has inspired interest in habit. Within psychology, habitual behaviors are defined as actions triggered automatically when people encounter situations in which they have consistently done them in the past. Repeating behavior in the same context reinforces mental associations between the context and behavior. Habit is said to have formed when exposure to the context non-consciously activates the association, which in turn elicits an urge to act, influencing behavior with minimal conscious forethought. As an initially goal-directed behavior becomes habitual, control over behavior is transferred from a reasoned, reflective processing system, which elicits behavior relatively slowly based on conscious motivation, to an impulsive system, which elicits behavior rapidly and efficiently, based on learned context-behavior associations. Habitual behaviors thus become detached from conscious motivational processes. Spurred by development of self-report habit measures, studies have modeled the relationship between behavioral repetition and the strengthening of habit, showing that habit is characterized by initially rapid growth, which decelerates until a plateau is reached. Theories propose that habit has two effects on behavior in the associated context: habit will prompt frequent performance, and will override motivational tendencies in doing so, unless self-control is particularly strong in that moment. People may therefore continue to perform a habitual action even when they lack motivation. These characteristics have generated interest in the potential for habit to support long-term adoption of new behaviors. People often fail to maintain behavior changes because they lose motivation, but if people were to form habits for new behaviors, they should in theory continue to perform them despite losing motivation. This has prompted calls for interventions to move beyond merely promoting new behaviors, toward advocating context-dependent habitual performances. Some have also argued that habit formation may be fruitful for stopping unwanted behaviors, because new, “good” habits can be directly substituted for existing “bad” habits. Realistically, habit formation is not a viable standalone behavior change technique, as it requires that people first adopt a new behavior, which through repetition will become habitual. The promotion of context-dependent repetition should complement techniques that reinforce the motivation and action control required for behavioral initiation and maintenance prior to habit forming. Real-world behavior change interventions based on these principles have been found to be acceptable and appealing, and show promise for changing behavior, though few have used long-term follow-up periods. This entry highlights leading work in the application of habit formation to behavior change interventions, drawing on the most methodologically and conceptually rigorous empirical research available. Most of the development and application of habit theory to real-world social contexts has been undertaken in health and pro-environmental domains. This entry thus focuses most heavily on these domains, but the principles outlined are thought to be applicable across behaviors and settings.

Effects of metamorphosis on the aquatic escape response of the two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata)

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Azizi ◽  
Tobias Landberg
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Eurycea Bislineata ◽  
Stage 1

SUMMARYAlthough numerous studies have described the escape kinematics of fishes, little is known about the aquatic escape responses of salamanders. We compare the escape kinematics of larval and adult Eurycea bislineata, the two-lined salamander, to examine the effects of metamorphosis on aquatic escape performance. We hypothesize that shape changes associated with resorption of the larval tail fin at metamorphosis will affect aquatic locomotor performance. Escape responses were recorded using high-speed video, and the effects of life stage and total length on escape kinematics were analyzed statistically using analysis of covariance. Our results show that both larval and adult E. bislineata use a two-stage escape response (similar to the C-starts of fishes) that consists of a preparatory (stage 1) and a propulsive (stage 2) stroke. The duration of both kinematic stages and the distance traveled during stage 2 increased with total length. Both larval and adult E. bislineata had final escape trajectories that were directed away from the stimulus. The main kinematic difference between larvae and adults is that adults exhibit significantly greater maximum curvature during stage 1. Total escape duration and the distance traveled during stage 2 did not differ significantly between larvae and adults. Despite the significantly lower tail aspect ratio of adults, we found no significant decrease in the overall escape performance of adult E. bislineata. Our results suggest that adults may compensate for the decrease in tail aspect ratio by increasing their maximum curvature. These findings do not support the hypothesis that larvae exhibit better locomotor performance than adults as a result of stronger selective pressures on early life stages.Movie available on-line: http://www.biologists.com/JEB/movies/jeb3978.html.

Correlated evolution of microhabitat, morphology, and behavior in West Indian Anolis lizards: a test of the habitat matrix model

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (9) ◽  
pp. 1187-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Harrison ◽  
L.J. Revell ◽  
J.B. Losos
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Matrix Model ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Correlated Evolution ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Habitat Matrix ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Combined Data

The habitat matrix model (HMM) explains convergence among arboreal animals as a result of the correlated evolution of morphology, locomotor mode, and habitat use. Although the HMM has generated important insights into the ecology of arboreal species, these tests have left a gap in the habitat-behavior-morphology story by focusing primarily on locomotor performance in lab and field experiments and thus failing to include data on locomotor behavior of undisturbed animals in the wild. We combined data on undisturbed locomotion, habitat use, and morphology for 31 species of arboreal lizard in the genusAnolisand used these data to test nine specific predictions arising from the HMM. We find strong support for nearly all aspects of this model. The addition of data on locomotion by undisturbed wild animals offers a more direct and compelling case for the HMM than most previous tests.

Climbing Waterfalls: How Metabolism and Behavior Impact Locomotor Performance of Tropical Climbing Gobies on Reunion Island

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Lagarde ◽  
Dominique Ponton ◽  
Guillaume Borie ◽  
Amber Hiebert ◽  
Christophe M. R. LeMoine
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Reunion Island ◽  
Réunion Island ◽  
And Behavior

A new manifesto for child development research

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. French
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Major Flaw ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Internal Context ◽  
Future Work

AbstractThis book is an excellent manifesto for future work in child development. It presents a multidisciplinary approach that clearly demonstrates the value of integrating modeling, neuroscience, and behavior to explore the mechanisms underlying development and to show how internal context-dependent representations arise and are modified during development. Its only major flaw is to have given short shrift to the study of the role of genetics on development.

How Homo economicus lost her mind and how we can revive her

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe target article by Boyer & Petersen (B&P) contributes a vital message: that people have folk economic theories that shape their thoughts and behavior in the marketplace. This message is all the more important because, in the history of economic thought, Homo economicus was increasingly stripped of mental capacities. Intuitive theories can help restore the mind of Homo economicus.

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