scholarly journals Effects of overwintering temperatures on the escape response in cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus )

2019 ◽  
Vol 331 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Clinton J. Moran ◽  
Caroline M. Young ◽  
Shannon P. Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Tautogolabrus Adspersus

Role of the Teleost Escape Response during Development

1986 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Eaton ◽  
Randolf Didomenico
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response

scholarly journals A Novel Neuronal Pathway for Visually Guided Escape in Drosophila melanogaster

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 875-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haleh Fotowat ◽  
Amir Fayyazuddin ◽  
Hugo J. Bellen ◽  
Fabrizio Gabbiani
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
Angular Size ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Sensory Activity ◽  
Descending Interneurons

Drosophila melanogaster exhibits a robust escape response to objects approaching on a collision course. Although a pair of large command interneurons called the giant fibers (GFs) have been postulated to trigger such behaviors, their role has not been directly demonstrated. Here, we show that escape from visual stimuli like those generated by approaching predators does not rely on the activation of the GFs and consists of a more complex and less stereotyped motor sequence than that evoked by the GFs. Instead, the timing of escape is tightly correlated with the activity of previously undescribed descending interneurons that signal a threshold angular size of the approaching object. The activity pattern of these interneurons shares features with those of visual escape circuits of several species, including pigeons, frogs, and locusts, and may therefore have evolved under similar constraints. These results show that visually evoked escapes in Drosophila can rely on at least two descending neuronal pathways: the GFs and the novel pathway we characterize electrophysiologically. These pathways exhibit very different patterns of sensory activity and are associated with two distinct motor programs.

The C-start escape response ofPolypterus senegalus: bilateral muscle activity and variation during stage 1 and 2

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (17) ◽  
pp. 2591-2603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Tytell ◽  
George V. Lauder
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Stage 1

SUMMARYThe fast-start escape response is the primary reflexive escape mechanism in a wide phylogenetic range of fishes. To add detail to previously reported novel muscle activity patterns during the escape response of the bichir, Polypterus, we analyzed escape kinematics and muscle activity patterns in Polypterus senegalus using high-speed video and electromyography (EMG). Five fish were filmed at 250 Hz while synchronously recording white muscle activity at five sites on both sides of the body simultaneously (10 sites in total). Body wave speed and center of mass velocity, acceleration and curvature were calculated from digitized outlines. Six EMG variables per channel were also measured to characterize the motor pattern. P. senegalus shows a wide range of activity patterns, from very strong responses, in which the head often touched the tail, to very weak responses. This variation in strength is significantly correlated with the stimulus and is mechanically driven by changes in stage 1 muscle activity duration. Besides these changes in duration, the stage 1 muscle activity is unusual because it has strong bilateral activity, although the observed contralateral activity is significantly weaker and shorter in duration than ipsilateral activity. Bilateral activity may stiffen the body, but it does so by a constant amount over the variation we observed; therefore, P. senegalus does not modulate fast-start wave speed by changing body stiffness. Escape responses almost always have stage 2 contralateral muscle activity, often only in the anterior third of the body. The magnitude of the stage 2 activity is the primary predictor of final escape velocity.

Escape Swim Network Interneurons Have Diverse Roles in Behavioral Switching and Putative Arousal in Pleurobranchaea

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1346-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Jing ◽  
Rhanor Gillette
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Food Avoidance ◽  
Sea Slug ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Arousal System ◽  
Direct Suppression ◽  
Stimulation Of

Escape swimming in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea is a dominant behavior that overrides feeding, a behavioral switch caused by swim-induced inhibition of feeding command neurons. We have now found distinct roles for the different swim interneurons in acute suppression of feeding during the swim and in a longer-term stimulation of excitability in the feeding network. The identified pattern-generating swim neurons A1, A3, A10, and their follower interneuron A-ci1, suppress feeding motor output partly by excitation of the I1 feeding interneurons, which monosynaptically inhibit both the feeding command neurons, PCP, PSE, and other major interneurons, the I2s. This mechanism exerts broad inhibition of the feeding network suitable to an escape response; broader than feeding suppression in learned and satiation-induced food avoidance and acting through a different presynaptic pathway. Four intrinsic neuromodulatory neurons of the swim network, the serotonergic As1–4, add little to direct suppression of feeding. Rather, they monosynaptically excite the serotonergic metacerebral giant (MCG) neurons of the feeding network, themselves intrinsic neuromodulators of feeding, as well as a cluster of adjacent serotonergic feeding neurons, with both fast and slow EPSPs. They also provide mild neuromodulatory excitation of the PCP/PSE feeding command neurons, and I1 and I2 feeding interneurons, which is masked by inhibition during the swim. As1–4 also excite the serotonergic pedal ganglion G neurons for creeping locomotion. These observations further delineate the nature of the putative serotonergic arousal system of gastropods and suggest a central coordinating role to As1–4.

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