Regulation of transmural transport of amino acid/metal conjugates by dietary calcium in crustacean digestive tract

2013 ◽  
Vol 321 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rania Abdel-Malak ◽  
Gregory A. Ahearn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Metal Conjugates

scholarly journals Animal models for determining amino acid digestibility in humans – a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S273-S281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie Deglaire ◽  
Paul J. Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Upper Digestive Tract ◽  
Laboratory Rat ◽  
Suitable Animal Model ◽  
Indirect Comparisons

Animal models have been commonly used for determining amino acid digestibility in humans. This allows digestibility assays to be undertaken more efficiently than those undertaken using humans directly. The laboratory rat, usually considered as a suitable animal model, has been widely used, especially as the rat is easy to raise and relatively inexpensive to house. Although more technically demanding, the pig has also been promoted as a useful model for human nutrition studies. It may be a better model than the rat, as it is a meal eater, its upper digestive tract is anatomically and physiologically closer to that of humans and it eats most foods consumed by humans. Amino acid digestibility may be determined either at the faecal or the ileal level, the latter being considered the most accurate. This contribution evaluates the suitability of the rat and pig as animal models for assessing ileal and faecal amino acid digestibility in humans. The drawbacks and advantages of using these animal models are discussed. The review is based mainly on results from controlled studies comparing both species; however, as the number of these studies is limited, data from indirect comparisons also provide insight.

Quantitative Studies of Amino Acid Flow in the Digestive Tract of Sheep Fed Alfalfa Protein Concentrates

1983 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 2390-2402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Lu ◽  
Neal A. Jorgensen ◽  
Gordon P. Barrington
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Quantitative Studies

Branched-chain amino acid catabolism: unique segregation of pathway enzymes in organ systems and peripheral nerves

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. E64-E76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Sweatt ◽  
Mac Wood ◽  
Agus Suryawan ◽  
Reidar Wallin ◽  
Mark C. Willingham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Catabolic Pathway ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
Branched Chain Aminotransferase

We have examined the localization of the first two enzymes in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic pathway: the branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) isozymes (mitochondrial BCATm and cytosolic BCATc) and the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) enzyme complex. Antibodies specific for BCATm or BCATc were used to immunolocalize the respective isozymes in cryosections of rat tissues. BCATm was expressed in secretory epithelia throughout the digestive tract, with the most intense expression in the stomach. BCATm was also strongly expressed in secretory cells of the exocrine pancreas, uterus, and testis, as well as in the transporting epithelium of convoluted tubules in kidney. In muscle, BCATm was located in myofibrils. Liver, as predicted, was not immunoreactive for BCATm. Unexpectedly, BCATc was localized in elements of the autonomic innervation of the digestive tract, as well as in axons in the sciatic nerve. The distributions of BCATc and BCATm did not overlap. BCATm-expressing cells also expressed the second enzyme of the BCAA catabolic pathway, BCKD. In selected monkey and human tissues examined by immunoblot and/or immunohistochemistry, BCATm and BCATc were distributed in patterns very similar to those found in the rat. The results show that BCATm is in a position to regulate BCAA availability as protein precursors and anabolic signals in secretory portions of the digestive and other organ systems. The unique expression of BCATc in neurons of the peripheral nervous system, without coexpression of BCKD, raises new questions about the physiological function of this BCAT isozyme.

Nutritional value of peas (Pisum sativum L.) for broilers: apparent metabolisable energy, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and production performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Nalle ◽  
V. Ravindran ◽  
G. Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of four cultivars (Santana, Miami, Courier and Rex) of peas (Pisum sativum L.) for broilers. In Experiment 1, the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of these four cultivars were determined. The cultivar effects were found to be not significant (P > 0.05) for the AME and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids, with the exception of arginine, which was lower (P < 0.05) in Courier than other cultivars. In Experiment 2, using the energy and digestible amino acid values determined in Experiment 1, diets containing 200 g/kg of the four cultivars of peas were formulated and the effects of feeding these diets on the performance and digestive tract development of broiler starters was investigated. Weight gain, feed intake and feed per gain of broiler starters fed diets containing peas were similar (P > 0.05) to those fed the maize-soybean meal diet. In general, the digestive tract development was unaffected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of peas. The excreta scores of birds fed diets based on Santana, Miami and Rex were similar (P > 0.05) and that of the Courier-based diet was lower (P < 0.05) than those fed the maize-soy control diet. These results suggest that peas are good sources of metabolisable energy and digestible amino acids, and that they can be included at 200 g/kg level as a partial replacement for soybean meal in broiler starter diets without adverse effects on performance.

scholarly journals Effect of leucine on intestinal absorption of tryptophan in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chisae Umezawa ◽  
Yuko Maeda ◽  
Kanji Haba ◽  
Mariko Shin ◽  
Keiji Sano
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Acid Mixture

1. To elucidate the causal relation between leucine and the lowering of hepatic NAD content of rats fed on a leucine-excessive diet (Yamada et al. 1979), the effect of leucine on intestinal absorption of tryptophan was investigated.2. Co-administration of [3H]tryptophan and leucine, with leucine at ten times the level of tryptophan, delayed absorption of L-[side chain 2,3-3H]tryptophan from the digestive tract and incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into portal blood, the liver and a protein fraction of the liver. After 120 min, more than 95% of tryptophan was absorbed whether [3H]tryptophan was administered with or without leucine.3. Co-administration of a mixture of ten essential amino acids, in proportions simulating casein, with [3H]tryptophan markedly delayed absorption of tryptophan from the digestive tract. The addition of supplementary leucine to the amino acid mixture, however, caused no further delay.4. In rats prefed a leucine-excessive diet for 1 week [3H]tryptophan was absorbed at the same rate as in rats fed on a control diet.5. The results indicate that competition between tryptophan and leucine for intestinal absorption did not cause lowering of hepatic NAD.

scholarly journals Exchange (uptake and synthesis) of amino acids in the digestive tract of cattle when used in diet different ingredient composition of the feed

2019 ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Sviatoslav Valerievich Lebedev ◽  
Elmira Zakievna Gubaidulina ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Sheida ◽  
Victoria Vladimirovna Grechkina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Basic Amino Acids ◽  
Ingredient Composition

Materials characterizing the role of digestive tract in amino acid metabolism are obtained based on studies assessing the effect of diets with various sources of protein (fish meal, sunflower meal). A number of metabolic regularities (synthesis and assimilation) of amino acids in the digestive tract of an animal follow from the data obtained by us. Сhyme inflowing from the stomach into intestine, contains 1.5-2 times more amino acids, compared with the number of them in the diet. Consequently, the same amount of basic amino acids can be synthesized in the process of digestion of ruminants. Most of amino acids from chyme is digested in the intestine. The actual amount of amino acids digested and included in the metabolism of animal was significantly higher than their content in the eaten dietand reached 108.1 - 148.9% of that received with the diet.

Amino Acid Digestibility and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)-Like Values of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Fed Different Forms and Concentrations of Calcium Using the Precision-Fed Cecectomized Rooster Assay

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungho Do ◽  
Liz Koutsos ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
Carl M Parsons ◽  
Maria R C de Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Calcium Sources ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae

Abstract Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is an alternative protein source for animals, including dogs and cats. Dietary calcium source is an essential nutrient for BSFL development in the pupal stage. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are common calcium sources, but differ in solubility, acid-binding capacity, and calcium concentration. A high calcium concentration in BSFL may affect how well nitrogen and amino acids (AA) are digested by animals consuming them, thereby affecting feed conversion efficiency. Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary calcium form and concentration on nutrient composition, AA digestibility, and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)-like values of BSFL intended for use in animal feeds using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All BSFL tested in this study were harvested at 18 d after hatch. Industry standard rearing conditions were maintained and a commercial layer ration was fed to all BSFL until 11 d post-hatch. From d 11 to 18, BSFL were fed a combination of distiller’s dried grains with solubles from a distillery, bakery by-product meal, and varied calcium sources. All BSFL diets contained 0.2% calcium in the basal diet plus additional calcium in the following amounts and forms: BSFLA: 1.2% CaCl2; BSFLB: 1.2% CaCO3; BSFLC: 0.75% CaCO3; BSFLD: 0.6% CaCO3 + 0.6% CaCl2. At d 18, BSFL were washed and frozen. Prior to the rooster assay, BSFL were lyophilized and ground. 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters/substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20 g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta was collected for 48 h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using a completely randomized design and the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Nutrient and AA digestibilities were not different among substrates. DIAAS-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and National Research Council recommended allowances for dogs and cats. Although AA digestibilities did not differ, those containing CaCO3 generally had higher DIAAS-like reference values than the diet containing CaCl2 alone (BSFLA). Aromatic AA (Phe + Tyr) and sulfur AA (Met + Cys) were often first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that calcium source fed to BSFL did not affect AA digestibility and protein quality.

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