scholarly journals Enhanced phycocyanin and protein content ofArthrospiraby applying neutral density and red light shading filters: a small‐scale pilot experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2047-2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evmorfia Kilimtzidi ◽  
Sara Cuellar Bermudez ◽  
Giorgos Markou ◽  
Koen Goiris ◽  
Dries Vandamme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Neutral Density ◽  
Pilot Experiment ◽  
Light Shading

Quality traits of wheat determined by small-scale dough testing methods

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Békés ◽  
P. W. Gras ◽  
R. S. Anderssen ◽  
R. Appels
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Wheat Lines

The dough properties of flours from the grain of 172 doubled haploid lines of a Cranbrook Halberd cross, grown at 3 locations, were determined with traditional and small-scale dough testing equipment. The experiments were aimed at determining the genetic factors that underpin the flour processing properties of wheat flour. Seven mixing parameters determined on a 2-g Mixograph™, as well as the maximum resistance (RMAX) and extensibility (EXT) measured on a Micro-Extension Tester, were identified as quality traits for genetic mapping studies, to identify the underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL). For each of the 3 locations in which the wheat lines were grown, relationships between the quality parameters and genetic markers were constructed for the populations. The associations of HMW- and LMW-glutenin allele combinations with the quality traits were investigated using ANOVA, linear parametric, and non-parametric methods. Of particular interest were qualitative and quantitative assessments of the extremes of the quality traits in each population. The relative contributions of the glutenincoding loci to quality were determined and it was found that the growing conditions to which wheat lines were subjected significantly affected the analyses. The nature and extent of these variations could not be explained by changes in protein content alone, and were related to environmentally induced alterations in the protein composition. From a comparison of the measurements made with the small-scale Mixograph™ with those from both the Extensograph™ and a Micro-Extension Tester, it was concluded that the same information about RMAX and EXT obtained from traditional extension testing could be obtained using small-scale dough tests. The data provided a direct validation for the application of small-scale testing for the screening of large populations. The comparisons of large and small scale testing procedures also provided the basis defining a new trait, ‘M-extensibility’, which is obtained from protein content and selected Mixograph data. This parameter was able to be measured more accurately and was shown to be closely related to the traditional extensibility measurement, and thus very useful for molecular/genetic analysis. The M-extensibility trait could be mapped as a major QTL to LMW-glutenin subunit loci on chromosomes 1B and 1D.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF LIGHT SOURCE ON THE GROWTH OF ALFALFA CULTIVARS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. HEINRICHS
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Medicago Falcata ◽  
Definite Trend ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Genetic Makeup

Alfalfa produced more herbage and more roots in a growth room when the fluorescent portion of an incandescent-fluorescent light source consisted of half gro-lux, high in blue-green-red light and half cool-white, high in blue-green-yellow-orange light than when it consisted of either alone. Protein content and degree of flowering were not affected by light source variations. Alfalfa cultivars, ranging in genetic makeup from Medicago falcata to M. media and M. sativa types, responded similarly to variations in light source. There was a definite trend for cultivars to produce less herbage and fewer roots as the proportion of M. falcata germ plasm in them increased. M. falcata flowered later than M. sativa in the growth room.

A direct measurement of water vapor at Europa and implications for the magnetospheric environment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenz Roth ◽  
Lucas Paganini ◽  
Geronimo Villanueva ◽  
Avi Mandell ◽  
Terry Hurford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Interaction ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Neutral Density ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Infrared Wavelengths ◽  
Local Anomalies ◽  
Infrared Survey

<p>Previous investigations suggested local anomalies in Europa’s atmosphere, advancing the idea of possible water plumes. Now a global survey with the Keck observatory provided a direct detection (3.1 sigma) of line emission from H<sub>2</sub>O at infrared wavelengths on one out of 17 observing dates in 2016 and 2017. The non-detections on the 16 other dates resulted in sensitive upper limits for H<sub>2</sub>O abundance at various longitudes, providing reference to the rate and location of occurrence.</p><p>When active, outgassing at plumes locally increases the neutral density in Europa’s bound atmosphere. Such atmosphere anomalies in turn might lead to small scale (compared to Europa’s diameter) features in the electromagnetic interaction signals such as in magnetic field perturbations, or to an increased mass loss from Europa. The strength and detectability of plume-related magnetospheric signals depend on the relative abundance of plume gas (when active) compared to the sputtered atmosphere.</p><p>The new results from the infrared survey suggest that outgassing occurs at lower levels than previously estimated, with only rare localized events of somewhat stronger plume activity. In this presentation, we put these observations in context and discuss if and how plume activity might affect the magnetospheric environment.</p>

scholarly journals Vision Controlled Automated Robotic Vehicle using Raspberry Pi

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 5539-5542
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensor ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Central Processor ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Camera Module ◽  
Self Driving Cars

The automobile industries are concentrating to develop the design for self-driving cars. Nowadays they are many possibilities to implement the automated vehicle, but the drawbacks for implementing are also very high. In this paper, the miniature model of self-driving robot is created and demonstrated using the Raspberry pi with supporting sensors and motor drivers. So, this was mainly because of the security concerns that have raised in the initial testing stages. So, this paper could best describe an application that deals with the safety measures of the autonomous vehicles that are going to be dealt with in the nearer future. This paper tells us about how an application can be implemented using Raspberry Pi, camera module and the ultrasonic Sensor. Considering the different features and the cost, on a small scale a two-wheel vehicular robotic prototype has been designed. In the Autonomous car Raspberry pi is the central processor. Different type of images are captured by the camera module, and if these images have captured the color of traffic lights, then if the captured image is of the Red light then the motors of the vehicle should stop such that breaks of the car in real world should work. If the captured image is of Green light then the motors of the car should run and the vehicle should start to move in the direction it want to move and also using the Ultrasonic sensor if any of the objects that are nearby to the vehicle, then the vehicle should change the direction from which it is moving and this is well described throughout the paper.

scholarly journals Effect of Intercroping Maize-Soybean on Grain Quality Traits in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
Habineza M. Jean Pierre ◽  
Josiah M. Kinama ◽  
Florence M. Olubayo ◽  
Susan W. Wanderi ◽  
James W. Muthomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

An experiment was conducted in Kenya to determine the effect of intercropping maize-soybean on soybean grain quality traits. A randomized complete block design replicated three times with seven treatments was used. Data were collected and analysed for soybean protein content, oil content and dry matter while grain size was done for maize and soybean. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated using LSD0.05. The results showed that TGX1990-5F variety recorded high protein content (p ≤ 0.05) in sole crop compared to intercropping with 42.96% and 38.4% respectively while SB19 obtained 36.57% and 40.41% of protein between sites for the first season. A bout the second season, TGX1990-5F gave 40.84% of protein compared to 31.98% for GAZELLE in intercrop at both sites. GAZELLE showed higher oil content followed by TGX1990-5F and SB19 was the last in both seasons. TGX1990-5F showed higher dry matter followed by GAZELLE and SB19 was the last in intercrop. In addition, GAZELLE a local variety showed greater size than SB19 in both rainy seasons. Intercropping affected slightly the protein content, oil content and gain size  than sole crop but it did not affect the dry matter in both seasons.Thus, TGX1990-5F can be recommended to small-scale farmers for intercropping with maize because it produced higher value of protein and small-scale farmers could use it to fight mal nutrition. GAZELLE variety can be also recommended for oil production. Maize grain size was not affected by intercropping system.

Early generation selection in wheat. II. Grain quality

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
L O'Brien ◽  
KJ Quail
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Early Generation Selection ◽  
Selection For

In order to test early-generation selection for grain quality, random F1-derived progeny from a multiple convergent cross of 16 high-yielding bread wheats were grown in F3 generation, along with the parents, as spaced plants in a glasshouse under optimal conditions. Progeny lines were then advanced without selection to F7 when 58 random lines were sown with the parents in a replicated yield experiment at Griffith under irrigation and optimal management. Small-scale grain quality tests were performed on grain from the F3 plants, the F7 plots and the parents. The tests comprised particle size index (PSI), grain and flour protein content (GP, FP), sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume (SDS), Pelshenke wheatmeal fermentation time (PEL) and flour milling yield (MY).There were significant genotypic effects for all quality traits in each generation. Phenotypic correlations in F3 and in F7 showed positive correlations between protein content and SDS and PEL, and in F7 a strong negative correlation between grain yield and grain quality (GP, FP, SDS, PEL). Across generations (F3 versus F7), the relationship was strong for PSI, moderate for SDS and PEL, but nonsignificant for the other traits.The realized heritability was high for PSI (77%), moderate for SDS (44%) and PEL (47%), but low (18-24%) in the other cases. Selection at an intensity of 26% for the first three mentioned traits did not significantly change grain yield, plant height or flowering date, although for GP and FP it did lower grain yield by 7%. Desirable quality types were defined within the three hardness (PSI) classes, namely, hard, intermediate, and soft (gluten type not biscuit type). Retrospective selection in F3 for desirable types significantly and markedly increased the frequency of desirable types in each class by three- to eight-fold. It is concluded that in wheat early generation selection for PSI, SDS and PEL, even when practised upon glasshouse-grown plants, gives useful progress without prejudicing grain yield.

F3 response to F2 selection for quality and its effect on F3 yield distribution

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
L O'Brien ◽  
JF Panozzo ◽  
JA Ronalds
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dough Strength ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Yield Distribution ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Sedimentation Volume

Seed of F2 single plant selections from two crosses was evaluated using a number of small-scale quality tests.F2 quality test values were significantly correlated with farinograph and extensograph properties in the F3, but no one test was correlated with all of the physical dough measures. The Pelshenke time and the proportion of residue protein were the small-scale measures most consistently correlated with dough strength (farinograph dough breakdown and extensograph maximum resistance) in the F3 and between the F2 and F3 generations.Applications of independent culling in the F2 for each test did not alter the subsequent nature of the F3 yield distribution except for flour protein content and Zeleny volume, where there was a preferential loss of lines from the higher yielding end. This resulted from the negative correlations between flour protein content and yield, both within the F3 (r=-0.66**) and between the F2 and F3 (r= -0-44**). The negative relationship between grain yield and Zeleny volume was due to the effect of protein content on Zeleny volume.Application of quality testing regimes that estimated grain hardness, protein content and dough strength in the F2 did not adversely affect the nature of the F3 yield distribution, yet permitted up to 71% of the population to be removed because of unsatisfactory balance of quality attributes. These results have considerable implications for the planning of wheat breeding programmes.Additional keywords: Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume, Zeleny sedimentation volume, Pelshenke wheatmeal fermentation time, residue protein content.

The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V. The effect of continued massive applications of nitrogen with and without phosphate and potash on the yield of grassland herbage

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
D. S. Maolusky
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

1. A small-scale plot experiment which had been carried out from 1947 to 1949 (Holmes, 1951) to study the effect of massive dressings of nitrogen, with and without phosphate and potash, on the yield of a ryegrass dominant sward was continued in 1950–2. A 4 × 4 Graeco-Latin square was used.The nitrogen treatments applied each year were:(1) no nitrogenous fertilizer, (2) 260 lb., (3) 520 lb. and (4) 416 lb. (312 lb. in 1951) nitrogen per acre per annum applied in four or five equal dressings, one for each cut. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were cut each time they reached the long leafy stage (8–11 in. in height), treatment 4 was cut when 13–16 in. in height.The mineral treatments were (A) no mineral fertilizer, (B) 336–538 lb. K2O per acre per annum depending on nitrogen treatment, (C) 120–180 lb. P2O5 per acre per annum, (D) treatments B and C combined. Mineral applications were applied in four or five dressings each year, one for each cut.2. Applications of phosphate did not affect the yield or protein content of the herbage, but yields were severely restricted in the absence of potash. Where potash was applied the yields under each nitrogen treatment were maintained or increased over the 6-year period. Average yields of dry matter for the 6-year period when potash was present were 4760, 8050, 9620 and 9320 lb. per acre per annum for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Without potash the corresponding average yields were 3980, 5610, 5190 and 5100 lb. Average crude protein yields with potash were 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb. per acre per annum and without potash 550, 1090, 1190 and 1020 lb.3. The presence of potash resulted in earlier growth in each season through the maintenance of the earlier vigorous grasses in the sward. Although the growth curve was variable with treatment 1, treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave nearly uniform distribution of herbage production over the season.4. The weighted mean contents of crude protein for each year ranged from 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3 when potash was given and from 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3 when potash was absent. There was a gradual increase in protein content at the later cuts in each season, but the range was less where nitrogen was applied.5. The efficiency of utilization of fertilizer nitrogen was calculated. When the yield was compared with that of a no-clover sward the average response was 15·6, 10·8 and 11·8 lb. dry matter per lb. of nitrogen applied for treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In terms of crude protein the percentage recovery was 53, 44 and 42 respectively. When the yields were compared with those of the clovery swards the nitrogen recovery figures were reduced by about one-third.6. The botanical composition of the plots was determined by the nitrogen and potash treatments. Where both were adequate a vigorous sward of ryegrass and timothy was maintained. Where nitrogen was absent but potash present a clovery sward developed. In the absence of potash with or without nitrogen the better grasses declined and were replaced by poor grasses.7. Provided potash was applied there were no marked changes in the soil analysis.8. The results are discussed with particular reference to the maintenance of high grass yields and the relative roles of clover and fertilizer nitrogen.

scholarly journals Experiences of an automatic small-scale 'home bakery' in test bakings of six spring wheat varieties

1991 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Jari Peltonen ◽  
Hannu Salovaara
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Gluten Content ◽  
Dough Development Time ◽  
The Relationship

Four units of an automatic small-scale 'home bakery' (Panasonic SD-BT2P, Japan) were tested for their suitability for rapid and simplified test baking. The results indicated that the four baking machines used produced loaves equal in volume. Loaf volume increased with increasing values of protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, and with farinograph dough development time and stability values. Varietal differences in the relationship between quality and loaf volume were detected.

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