Reactive oxygen species: Current knowledge and applications in cancer research and therapeutic

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy T.Y. Lau ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jen-Fu Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species

scholarly journals Glutathione Metabolism in Plants under Stress: Beyond Reactive Oxygen Species Detoxification

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Sonia Dorion ◽  
Jasmine C. Ouellet ◽  
Jean Rivoal
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Covalent Modification ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Stress Regulation ◽  
Recent Developments

Glutathione is an essential metabolite for plant life best known for its role in the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione is also involved in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) which, much like ROS, is produced at low levels by aerobic metabolism under normal conditions. While several physiological processes depend on ROS and MG, a variety of stresses can dramatically increase their concentration leading to potentially deleterious effects. In this review, we examine the structure and the stress regulation of the pathways involved in glutathione synthesis and degradation. We provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway responsible for MG detoxification. We present recent developments on the organization of the glyoxalase pathway in which alternative splicing generate a number of isoforms targeted to various subcellular compartments. Stress regulation of enzymes involved in MG detoxification occurs at multiple levels. A growing number of studies show that oxidative stress promotes the covalent modification of proteins by glutathione. This post-translational modification is called S-glutathionylation. It affects the function of several target proteins and is relevant to stress adaptation. We address this regulatory function in an analysis of the enzymes and pathways targeted by S-glutathionylation.

scholarly journals Signaling Toward Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Enzymes in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Dvořák ◽  
Yuliya Krasylenko ◽  
Adam Zeiner ◽  
Jozef Šamaj ◽  
Tomáš Takáč
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are produced as byproducts of aerobic metabolism and are affected by adverse environmental conditions. The ROS content is controlled on the side of their production but also by scavenging machinery. Antioxidant enzymes represent a major ROS-scavenging force and are crucial for stress tolerance in plants. Enzymatic antioxidant defense occurs as a series of redox reactions for ROS elimination. Therefore, the deregulation of the antioxidant machinery may lead to the overaccumulation of ROS in plants, with negative consequences both in terms of plant development and resistance to environmental challenges. The transcriptional activation of antioxidant enzymes accompanies the long-term exposure of plants to unfavorable environmental conditions. Fast ROS production requires the immediate mobilization of the antioxidant defense system, which may occur via retrograde signaling, redox-based modifications, and the phosphorylation of ROS detoxifying enzymes. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on signaling processes regulating the enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plants.

scholarly journals  Metals as a cause of oxidative stress in fish: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sevcikova ◽  
H. Modra ◽  
A. Slaninova ◽  
Z. Svobodova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Enzyme Inactivation ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidant Defences

This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of metals to the development of oxidative stress in fish. Metals are important inducers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, promoting formation of reactive oxygen species through two mechanisms. Redox active metals generate reactive oxygen species through redox cycling, while metals without redox potential impair antioxidant defences, especially that of thiol-containing antioxidants and enzymes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species lead to oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and enzyme inactivation. Antioxidant defences include the enzyme system and low molecular weight antioxidants. Metal-binding proteins, such as ferritin, ceruloplasmin and metallothioneins, have special functions in the detoxification of toxic metals and also play a role in the metabolism and homeostasis of essential metals. Recent studies of metallothioneins as biomarkers indicate that quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of metallothionein genes can be appropriate in cases with elevated levels of metals and no evidence of oxidative damage in fish tissue. Components of the antioxidant defence are used as biochemical markers of oxidative stress. These markers may be manifested differently in the field than in results found in laboratory studies. A complex approach should be taken in field studies of metal contamination of the aquatic environment.  

scholarly journals Antioxidants: Positive or Negative Actors?

Biomolecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahare Salehi ◽  
Miquel Martorell ◽  
Jack Arbiser ◽  
Antoni Sureda ◽  
Natália Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Reactive Species ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Definition Of

The term “antioxidant” is one of the most confusing definitions in biological/medical sciences. In chemistry, “antioxidant” is simply conceived “a compound that removes reactive species, mainly those oxygen-derived”, while in a cell context, the conceptual definition of an antioxidant is poorly understood. Indeed, non-clinically recommended antioxidants are often consumed in large amounts by the global population, based on the belief that cancer, inflammation and degenerative diseases are triggered by high oxygen levels (or reactive oxygen species) and that through blocking reactive species production, organic unbalances/disorders can be prevented and/or even treated. The popularity of these chemicals arises in part from the widespread public mistrust of allopathic medicine. In fact, reactive oxygen species play a dual role in dealing with different disorders, since they may contribute to disease onset and/or progression but may also play a key role in disease prevention. Further, the ability of the most commonly used supplements, such as vitamins C, E, selenium, and herbal supplements to decrease pathologic reactive oxygen species is not clearly established. Hence, the present review aims to provide a nuanced understanding of where current knowledge is and where it should go.

scholarly journals Detection of Oxidative Stress Induced by Nanomaterials in Cells—The Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4710
Author(s):  
Jan Čapek ◽  
Tomáš Roušar
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
In Cells

The potential of nanomaterials use is huge, especially in fields such as medicine or industry. Due to widespread use of nanomaterials, their cytotoxicity and involvement in cellular pathways ought to be evaluated in detail. Nanomaterials can induce the production of a number of substances in cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), participating in physiological and pathological cellular processes. These highly reactive substances include: superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. For overall assessment, there are a number of fluorescent probes in particular that are very specific and selective for given ROS. In addition, due to the involvement of ROS in a number of cellular signaling pathways, understanding the principle of ROS production induced by nanomaterials is very important. For defense, the cells have a number of reparative and especially antioxidant mechanisms. One of the most potent antioxidants is a tripeptide glutathione. Thus, the glutathione depletion can be a characteristic manifestation of harmful effects caused by the prooxidative-acting of nanomaterials in cells. For these reasons, here we would like to provide a review on the current knowledge of ROS-mediated cellular nanotoxicity manifesting as glutathione depletion, including an overview of approaches for the detection of ROS levels in cells.

scholarly journals The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Nita ◽  
Andrzej Grzybowski
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Corneal Dystrophy ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Human Lens ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Age Related

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) form under normal physiological conditions and may have both beneficial and harmful role. We search the literature and current knowledge in the aspect of ROS participation in the pathogenesis of anterior and posterior eye segment diseases in adults. ROS take part in the pathogenesis of keratoconus, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, and granular corneal dystrophy type 2, stimulating apoptosis of corneal cells. ROS play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma stimulating apoptotic and inflammatory pathways on the level of the trabecular meshwork and promoting retinal ganglion cells apoptosis and glial dysfunction in the posterior eye segment. ROS play a role in the pathogenesis of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy and traumatic optic neuropathy. ROS induce apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells. ROS promote apoptosis of vascular and neuronal cells and stimulate inflammation and pathological angiogenesis in the course of diabetic retinopathy. ROS are associated with the pathophysiological parainflammation and autophagy process in the course of the age-related macular degeneration.

scholarly journals Effects of Salicylic Acid on the Metabolism of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Poór
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Full Detail ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Organelles

Different abiotic and biotic stresses lead to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cell organelles such as in mitochondria, resulting in oxidative stress, inducing defense responses or programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In response to oxidative stress, cells activate various cytoprotective responses, enhancing the antioxidant system, increasing the activity of alternative oxidase and degrading the oxidized proteins. Oxidative stress responses are orchestrated by several phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA). The biomolecule SA is a key regulator in mitochondria-mediated defense signaling and PCD, but the mode of its action is not known in full detail. In this review, the current knowledge on the multifaceted role of SA in mitochondrial ROS metabolism is summarized to gain a better understanding of SA-regulated processes at the subcellular level in plant defense responses.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and Reactive Oxygen Species in Stomatal Closure

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Xiaonan Ma ◽  
Ling Bai
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
High Level

Plant guard cell is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. The aperture of stomata is sensitive to various environment factors. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important regulator of stomatal movement, and its signaling includes the perception, transduction and gene expression. The intersections with many other signal transduction pathways make the regulation of CO2 more complex. High levels of CO2 trigger stomata closure, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the key component has been demonstrated function in this regulation. Additional research is required to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially for the detailed signal factors related with ROS in this response. This review focuses on Arabidopsis stomatal closure induced by high-level CO2, and summarizes current knowledge of the role of ROS involved in this process.

scholarly journals Reactive Oxygen Species in the Signaling and Adaptation of Multicellular Microbial Communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Čáp ◽  
Libuše Váchová ◽  
Zdena Palková
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Microbial Structures ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Regulatory Functions

One of the universal traits of microorganisms is their ability to form multicellular structures, the cells of which differentiate and communicate via various signaling molecules. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hydrogen peroxide in particular, have recently become well-established signaling molecules in higher eukaryotes, but still little is known about the regulatory functions of ROS in microbial structures. Here we summarize current knowledge on the possible roles of ROS during the development of colonies and biofilms, representatives of microbial multicellularity. InSaccharomyces cerevisiaecolonies, ROS are predicted to participate in regulatory events involved in the induction of ammonia signaling and later on in programmed cell death in the colony center. While the latter process seems to be induced by the total ROS, the former event is likely to be regulated by ROS-homeostasis, possibly H2O2-homeostasis between the cytosol and mitochondria. InCandida albicansbiofilms, the predicted signaling role of ROS is linked with quorum sensing molecule farnesol that significantly affects biofilm formation. In bacterial biofilms, ROS induce genetic variability, promote cell death in specific biofilm regions, and possibly regulate biofilm development. Thus, the number of examples suggesting ROS as signaling molecules and effectors in the development of microbial multicellularity is rapidly increasing.

scholarly journals What Are Reactive Oxygen Species, Free Radicals, and Oxidative Stress in Skin Diseases?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10799
Author(s):  
Kozo Nakai ◽  
Daisuke Tsuruta
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Keratinocyte Proliferation ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Oxygen in the atmosphere is a crucial component for life-sustaining aerobic respiration in humans. Approximately 95% of oxygen is consumed as energy and ultimately becomes water; however, the remaining 5% produces metabolites called activated oxygen or reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are extremely reactive. Skin, the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to air pollutants, including diesel exhaust fumes, ultraviolet rays, food, xenobiotics, drugs, and cosmetics, which promote the production of ROS. ROS exacerbate skin aging and inflammation, but also function as regulators of homeostasis in the human body, including epidermal keratinocyte proliferation. Although ROS have been implicated in various skin diseases, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Current knowledge on ROS-related and oxidative stress-related skin diseases from basic research to clinical treatment strategies are discussed herein. This information may be applied to the future treatment of skin diseases through the individual targeting of the ROS generated in each case via their inhibition, capture, or regulation.

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