Influence of mowing height of cut and frequency for golf tournament preparation on putting green ball roll distance and turfgrass quality

Creeping Bentgrass Quality following Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicide Applications

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.8.880 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (8) ◽

pp. 880-883 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. Jack Johnson

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Monosodium Salt ◽

Putting Green ◽

Methylarsonic Acid ◽

Turfgrass Quality ◽

June July ◽

Postemergence Herbicides ◽

Quinolinecarboxylic Acid

Three field experiments were conducted to determine if several preemergence and postemergence herbicides were safe to apply to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. `Penncross') maintained at putting green height. When dithiopyr was applied at preemergence in late February or early March, the emulsifiable concentrate formulation (≤1.7 kg·ha-1) and granular formulation (≤1.1 kg·ha-1) did not reduce the quality or cover of creeping bentgrass. Applied at preemergence, bensulide plus oxadiazon at 6.7 + 1.7 kg·ha-1 and 13.4 + 3.4 kg·ha-1 reduced turfgrass quality for 2 to 3 weeks and 8 weeks after treatment, respectively. When MON 12051 and monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid (MSMA) (≤0.14 and ≤2.2 kg·ha-1, respectively) were applied at postemergence to creeping bentgrass in early June, the reduction in turfgrass quality varied from slight to moderate for 1 to 2 weeks, but turfgrass fully recovered with no effect on turfgrass cover. Quinclorac applied at postemergence in early June at ≥0.6 kg·ha-1 severely reduced creeping bentgrass quality and cover for ≥8 weeks. Diclofop at 0.6 kg·ha-1 applied to creeping bentgrass in June, July, or August maintained consistently higher quality and cover ratings than when applied at ≥1.1 kg·ha-1. Diclofop applied at 0.6 kg·ha-1 in June and repeated at the same rate in July reduced quality of creeping bentgrass less than when applied at 1.1 kg·ha-1 at any date. Chemical names used: O,O-bis (1-methylethyl) S-{2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl} phosphorodithioate (bensulide); (±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid (diclofop); S,S-dimethyl-2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarbothioate (dithiopyr); methyl-5-{[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonylaminosulfonyl}-3-chloro-1-methyl-1-H-pyrazol-4-carboxylate (MON 12051); 3-[2,4-dicloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 3,7-dicloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac).

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Ethephon and Gibberellic Acid Inhibitors Influence Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Quality and Ball Roll Distances

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1902 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1902-1903 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Haibo Liu ◽

Lambert B. McCarty

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Agrostis Stolonifera ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Green Ball ◽

Subsequent Application ◽

Putting Green ◽

Ethephon Treatment ◽

Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are often applied in combinations to reduce turf clippings, enhance turf quality, and suppress Poa annua L.; however, effects of PGR combinations on putting green ball roll distances have not been reported. Two field experiments were conducted on an `L-93' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris Huds.) putting green in Clemson, S.C., to investigate effects of four PGRs with and without a subsequent application of ethephon at 3.8 kg·ha–1 a.i. 6 days after initial treatments. The PGRs initially applied included ethephon at 3.8 kg·ha–1 a.i., flurprimidol at 0.28 kg·ha–1 a.i., paclobutrazol at 0.28 kg·ha–1 a.i., and trinexapac-ethyl at 0.05 kg·ha–1 a.i.. Ball roll distances were enhanced 3% to 6% (4 to 8 cm) by exclusive flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and trinexapac-ethyl treatments. The additional ethephon application reduced ball distances 2% to 9% (2 to 11 cm). Paclobutrazol and trinexapac-ethyl treated turf receiving the additional ethephon application had longer or similar ball roll distances to non-PGR treated turf. The additional ethephon treatment reduced turf quality to unacceptable levels 1 and 2 weeks after applications. However, bentgrass treated previously with trinexapac-ethyl and paclobutrazol had 8 to 16% higher visual quality following the additional ethephon treatment relative to non-PGR treated turf receiving the subsequent ethephon application. Overall, ethephon may have deleterious effects on monostand creeping bentgrass putting green quality and ball roll distances; however, applying ethephon with GA inhibitors could mitigate these adverse effects. Chemical names used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl); {α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl] 5-pyrimidine-methanol} (flurprimidol); (+/-)–(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1, 1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] (ethephon).

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Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Bacterial Etiolation of Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Turf Caused by Acidovorax avenae

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-15-0419-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 577-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Joseph A. Roberts ◽

David F. Ritchie ◽

James P. Kerns

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Plant Growth Regulator ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

High Rate ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Putting Green ◽

Turfgrass Quality ◽

Multiple Field ◽

Ga Biosynthesis

Bacterial etiolation, caused by Acidovorax avenae, is a widespread problem in creeping bentgrass putting green turf. The symptoms normally appear as abnormally elongated turfgrass stems and leaves. Observations at multiple field sites suggest the involvement of plant growth regulators (i.e., GA-biosynthesis inhibitors) commonly applied to turf, alluding to a phytohormone imbalance caused by the bacterium. A 2-year field study examined the effects of trinexapac-ethyl, flurprimidol, and paclobutrazol on bacterial etiolation severity caused by A. avenae. Trinexapac-ethyl applied at 0.05 kg a.i. ha−1 every 7 days and 0.10 kg ha−1 every 14 days increased etiolation compared with all other treatments in both years. Flurprimidol and paclobutrazol were not different from the control but high-rate applications caused phytotoxicity that lowered turf quality early in 2014. When the etiolated turfgrass was removed with mowing, turfgrass treated with trinexapac-ethyl exhibited the highest turfgrass quality on most rating dates. Results from this work illustrate that using plant growth regulator materials with different modes of action is a solution to managing creeping bentgrass growth while limiting the potential for bacterial etiolation outbreaks.

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Mowing Operations Influence Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Ball Roll following Plant Growth Regulator Applications

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.2.471 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 471-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Haibo Liu ◽

Lambert B. McCarty

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulator ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Clemson University ◽

The Third ◽

Equal Ball ◽

Green Ball ◽

Putting Green ◽

Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are commonly used to enhance putting green quality and ball roll distances but their effects with various mowing operations have not been reported. Three experiments were conducted and repeated at Clemson University, Clemson, SC, on an `L-93' creeping bentgrass putting green to evaluate the effects of mowing operations and PGRs on diurnal ball roll distances. The PGRs tested included ethephon at (a.i.) 3.8 kg·ha-1, flurprimidol at (a.i.) 0.28 kg·ha-1, paclobutrazol at (a.i.) 0.28 kg·ha-1, and trinexapac-ethyl at (a.i.) 0.05 kg·ha-1. Mowing operations tested included rolling vs. mowing, morning mowing vs. morning plus afternoon mowing, and single vs. double morning mowing, all with and without PGRs. PGR by mowing operation interactions did not occur in any experiments. Ball roll distances decreased from 12:00 hr to evening observations in all experiments. In Experiment 1, rolling the green without mowing reduced ball roll distance 4% (5 cm) compared to mowing. Turf rolled without mowing in the morning and treated with flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, and trinexapac-ethyl produced similar ball roll at 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00 hr to mowed untreated turf. In Experiment 2, all plots were mowed at 08:00 hr and half of each plot was remowed at 12:30 hr. The second mowing at 12:30 hr enhanced ball roll distances 6% (8 cm) over the day. Turf mowed only at 08:00 and treated with paclobutrazol and trinexapac-ethyl had greater or equal ball roll distances at 12:30, 15:30, and 18:30 hr to untreated turf that had a second mowing at 12:30 hr. Turf receiving ethephon and 08:00 hr mowing had 4% to 12% (4 to 17 cm) shorter ball roll distances throughout the day compared to untreated turf mowed at 8:00 and 08:00+12:30 hr, respectively. In the third experiment, mowing twice in the morning increased ball roll 3% (4 cm) compared to mowing once. Trinexapac-ethyl and paclobutrazol treated turf mowed once in the morning had greater or equal ball roll distances throughout the day to untreated turf mowed twice in the morning. Overall, PGR use may provide putting green ball roll distances similar to or greater than untreated turf despite additional mowing; however, ethephon reduced ball roll distances regardless of mowing operations. Chemical names used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl); {α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy) phenyl] 5-pyrimidine-methanol} (flurprimidol); (+/-)-(R*,R*)-β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α-(1, 1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] (ethephon).

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A New Method to Measure Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) Golf Course Putting Green Ball Roll Uniformity

Journal of Testing and Evaluation ◽

10.1520/jte20180277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 20180277

Author(s):

Eric H. Reasor ◽

James T. Brosnan ◽

Micah S. Woods

Keyword(s):

New Method ◽

Golf Course ◽

Green Ball ◽

Putting Green

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Biostimulant Influences on Turfgrass Microbial Communities and Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green Quality

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1904 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1904-1910 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S.R. Mueller ◽

W.R. Kussow

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Root Zone ◽

Cellulase Activity ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Putting Green ◽

Turfgrass Quality

Immature sand matrix golf putting greens are considered to be inhospitable environments for microorganisms as compared to native soils. Subsequently, turfgrass quality may suffer in the absence of beneficial microbe–plant interactions. The turfgrass industry has responded by marketing a wide array of biostimulant products that claim to improve putting green quality through influences on soil microbial activity. A field study was conducted to determine what influences five commercial biostimulants have on the root-zone microbial community and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) quality. A three year old U.S. Golf Association (USGA) specification sand-based putting green (e.g., 80% sand: 20% peat humus by volume) was the test site. Commercially available biostimulants and fertilizer were applied biweekly from May until August 2000. The soil microbial community was characterized using soil enzymes and substrate utilization profiles. Turfgrass quality was determined visually by evaluating color, percentage of localized dry spot (LDS), and overall uniformity. Nutrient uptake levels were monitored to ascertain if increases in quality related to plant health. Visual quality of the putting green was significantly improved (p < 0.05) by the commercial biostimulants. The positive response to biostimulants was not of a nutritional origin. The biostimulants did not effectively alter the putting green microbial community in terms of enzyme activity or substrate utilization. However, a seasonal decline was detected in cellulase activity, which prevailed over any treatment effect, suggesting the root-zone microbial community responded to summer decline of bentgrass roots and concomitant decreases in quantities of root exudates. Visual improvements in putting green quality during the period of summer stress were primarily associated with the incidence of LDS. Visual LDS ratings were significantly reduced (less LDS) by applications of the biostimulants on each observation date (p < 0.05) and over the entire course of the experiment (p < 0.10). Surfactant properties of the biostimulants therefore appeared to play a major role in the improvements in putting green quality. This does not negate the fact that the seaweed extracts and humic acids in the biostimulants may have improved the heat and moisture stress tolerance of the bentgrass once the LDS formed.

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Bermudagrass Putting Green Performance Influenced by Nitrogen and Trinexapac-ethyl

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.3.802 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 802-804 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Haibo Liu ◽

Lambert B. McCarty ◽

Joe E. Toler

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Green Ball ◽

Putting Green ◽

N Fertility ◽

Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid

Dwarf-type bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) putting greens tolerate long-term mowing heights of 3.2 mm but require heavy nitrogen (N) fertilizations that increase ball roll resistance. Applying a plant growth regulator, such as trinexapac-ethyl (TE), could reduce uneven shoot growth from high N fertility and improve putting green ball roll distances. Field experiments were conducted from April to August 2003 and 2004 in Clemson, SC to investigate effects of ammonium nitrate applied at 6, 12, 18, or 24 kg N/ha per week with TE applied at 0 or 0.05 kg a.i. per ha every 3 weeks on `TifEagle' bermudagrass ball roll distances (BRD). BRD were measured weekly with a 38-cm stimpmeter in the morning (900 to 1100 hr) and evening (>1700 hr) beginning 1 wk after initial TE treatments. Interactions were not detected among N, TE, or time of day. TE increased BRD about 15% from non-TE treated. BRD was reduced with increased N rate and from am to pm; however, bermudagrass treated with TE averaged 10% longer PM BRD than am distances of non-TE treated. Overall, increased N fertility and diurnal shoot growth may reduce BRD but TE will be an effective tool for mitigating these effects on bermudagrass putting greens. Chemical name used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl).

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Economic Impact of a PGA Tournament (McGladrey Classic) on Surrounding Area

Journal of Business and Economics ◽

10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/08.09.2018/008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 713-723

Author(s):

Dominique Halaby ◽

◽

Benjamin McKay ◽

Kristen Ruhland

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Research Team ◽

Golf Club ◽

Surrounding Area ◽

Golf Tournament ◽

Expenditure Data

This study estimated the economic impact of the 2013 McGladrey Classic Golf Tournament (since renamed the RSM Classic) on Glynn County, Georgia. It was held at the Sea Island Golf Club, Seaside Course on Sea Island, Georgia in early November (7th through the 10th). This tournament is one of the stops for the PGA TOUR. The direct impacts were generated from spending from out-of-town visitors. These visitors included spectators, volunteers, title sponsor guests and the staff of the broadcast partner. In order to estimate the total amount of spending related to this event, the research team administered a survey to both volunteers online, prior to the event, and to spectators in person at the event. Additional expenditure data for the Golf Channel staff and McGladrey guests was provided by the Davis Love Foundation, host of this tournament.

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