Evaluating irrigation scheme performance in a tropical environment: The Guanacaste scheme, Costa Rica*

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).

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Laws on rape in UK, Canada and Costa Rica and honour killing in Jordan

Reproductive Health Matters ◽

10.1016/s0968-8080(00)90037-5 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 8 (15) ◽

pp. 172-173

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Honour Killing

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Social representations of human rights violations: Further evidence

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.60.2.89 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 89-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alain Clémence ◽

Thierry Devos ◽

Willem Doise

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Human Rights ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Young People ◽

Social Representations ◽

Social Reality ◽

Questionnaire Study ◽

Human Rights Violations ◽

High Tolerance ◽

Individual Actions

Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their understanding of human rights violations in similar ways across nations. At the same time, systematic variations characterized opinions about human rights violations, and the structure of these variations was similar across national contexts. Differences in definitions of human rights violations were identified by a cluster analysis. A broader definition was related to critical attitudes toward governmental and institutional abuses of power, whereas a more restricted definition was rooted in a fatalistic conception of social reality, approval of social regulations, and greater tolerance for institutional infringements of privacy. An atypical definition was anchored either in a strong rejection of social regulations or in a strong condemnation of immoral individual actions linked with a high tolerance for governmental interference. These findings support the idea that contrasting definitions of human rights coexist and that these definitions are underpinned by a set of beliefs regarding the relationships between individuals and institutions.

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