Diagnostic Assessment Approach for Formulating a Modernization Strategy for Small-Scale National Irrigation Systems in the Philippines

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Liza Delos Reyes ◽  
Bart Schultz ◽  
Krishna Prasad
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Diagnostic Assessment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Assessment Approach

scholarly journals Accurate age estimation in small-scale societies

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (31) ◽  
pp. 8205-8210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoan Diekmann ◽  
Daniel Smith ◽  
Pascale Gerbault ◽  
Mark Dyble ◽  
Abigail E. Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithm ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Ranking Order

Precise estimation of age is essential in evolutionary anthropology, especially to infer population age structures and understand the evolution of human life history diversity. However, in small-scale societies, such as hunter-gatherer populations, time is often not referred to in calendar years, and accurate age estimation remains a challenge. We address this issue by proposing a Bayesian approach that accounts for age uncertainty inherent to fieldwork data. We developed a Gibbs sampling Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that produces posterior distributions of ages for each individual, based on a ranking order of individuals from youngest to oldest and age ranges for each individual. We first validate our method on 65 Agta foragers from the Philippines with known ages, and show that our method generates age estimations that are superior to previously published regression-based approaches. We then use data on 587 Agta collected during recent fieldwork to demonstrate how multiple partial age ranks coming from multiple camps of hunter-gatherers can be integrated. Finally, we exemplify how the distributions generated by our method can be used to estimate important demographic parameters in small-scale societies: here, age-specific fertility patterns. Our flexible Bayesian approach will be especially useful to improve cross-cultural life history datasets for small-scale societies for which reliable age records are difficult to acquire.

scholarly journals Inclusive participation, self-governance, and sustainability: Current challenges and opportunities for women in leadership of communal irrigation systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 251484862093471
Author(s):  
Laura Imburgia ◽  
Henny Osbahr ◽  
Sarah Cardey ◽  
Janet Momsen
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Current Water

Genuine inclusive participation in the self-governance of communal irrigation systems remains a challenge. This article analyses the mechanisms of participation in irrigation water users’ associations (WUAs) with focus on women as leaders of those organizations by drawing on cases from a comparative, multicase mixed-method study in Ethiopia and Argentina. After having being a topic for decades in gender and development debates, in many irrigated areas of the world, WUAs continue to be male dominated at all levels, especially in influential positions. Findings in this article suggest that despite large socio-economic and cultural differences, the current water management systems in both research locations reinforce problems of unequal gender participation; women have more obstacles and constraints in establishing equal access in membership, participation, and decision making in irrigation management. The lack of inclusive participation and the low representation of women in leadership roles lead to WUAs being poorly rooted in their community of users. Incomplete social rootedness of WUAs jeopardizes their effectiveness and equality in water management and, as a result, affects long-term sustainability. Through analysis of empirical data of communal small-scale irrigation systems in both countries, the article discusses who participates, how and why they participate, and the reasons for low numbers of women in leadership roles within the WUAs. Finally, the article reflects on possible enabling conditions that could foster inclusive participation, increase the quantity and capacity of women in management and leadership roles, and the benefits this may bring to sustainable irrigation systems.

scholarly journals PELAKSANAAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI BIDANG PENGAIRAN IRIGASI PERTANIAN DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR DI TINJAU DARI UNDANG¬-UNDANG NOMOR 17 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG SUMBER DAYA AIR

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-94
Author(s):  
Zulhadi Lalu
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Irrigation Development ◽  
Problems And Solutions

Irrigation facilities is one of the key factors in farming, especially for food crop farming, including rice. A smallscale irrigation system has an area of less than 500 hectares, and it is the backbone of family food security which in turn will lead to national food security. Damage irrigation system networks will threaten food production increase. In the future, irrigation infrastructure must be better managed so that agricultural sector can realize agricultural diversification, conserve wider irrigation system and maintain local wisdom and social capital in irrigation management. The objective of the paper is to analyze performance, problems and solutions of small irrigation systems in Indonesia, including small irrigation concepts and understanding, small irrigation performance and development, small irrigation development policies, factors affecting smallscale irrigation development, investments, and prospects. The paper also compares various performances, problems and solutions of small irrigation systems in other countries. Small scale irrigation performance is often better than large-scale irrigation, in the sense of water availability throughout the year and equitable water distribution for all service areas

scholarly journals The Borax Method of Gold Extraction for Small-Scale Miners

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W.U. Appel ◽  
Leoncio Na-Oy
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Toxic Element ◽  
Heavy Mineral ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gold Extraction ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Capture Rates

Background. More than ten million small-scale miners (SSM) worldwide use mercury to extract gold, releasing large amounts of the toxic element into the environment. Alternatives to mercury have been suggested over the years to little avail. A group of miners in the Philippines has demonstrated that borax, when used as a flux for smelting gold out of heavy mineral concentrates, is an effective and safer substitute for mercury. Objectives. To present a basic comparison of the mercury amalgamation and borax methods of gold extraction for SSM. Methods. Borax was added to milled ore to reduce the melting point of gold to a level accessible to SSM. The amount of gold captured, and the amount of mercury released into the environment, was compared to two common amalgamation methods: whole ore and heavy metal. Discussion. The borax method appears to capture more gold, as well as eliminate the use of mercury. It is also less expensive. It is important to stop the use of mercury amongst SSM. However, health and environmental arguments alone are not enough to convince miners to switch. The argument of improving gold-capture rates while reducing costs is more compelling, and may help propagate the technique among small-scale miners. Conclusions. Scientific research should continue in order to further establish the uses and limitations of the borax method.

scholarly journals Sustainable Solutions for Oyster Shell Waste Recycling in Thailand and the Philippines

Recycling ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramakrishna Chilakala ◽  
Chottitisupawong Thannaree ◽  
Eunsoo Justin Shin ◽  
Thriveni Thenepalli ◽  
Ji Whan Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Oyster Shell ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Waste Shell ◽  
Mollusk Shell

This paper studies the utilization and management of the waste mollusk shell. The two major export countries of mollusk shell are the Southeast Asia’s Thailand and the Philippines. First, the aquaculture of oysters and bivalve shells has been studied as background understanding. The effect of the global climate change on farming and the consequences of farming on the nearby environment and neighborhoods have also been discussed. The utilization technologies on the waste shell are available on a small scale and not industrialized. This study offers an enabling context under which a suitable method can take action to solve the overflow waste shell problem, and at the same time, provide sustainable management.

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