Short‐term to long‐term extrapolation of lethal effects of an herbicide on the marine mysid shrimp Americamysis Bahia by use of the General Unified Threshold Model of Survival (GUTS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faten Gabsi ◽  
Andreas Solga ◽  
Eric Bruns ◽  
Christopher Leake ◽  
Thomas G Preuss
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Mysid Shrimp

Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Salzer Burks ◽  
Kenneth A. Dodge ◽  
Joseph M. Price
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Year

AbstractViewing social rejection from same-age peers as a source of stress for children, the current study sought to determine the most appropriate model of the effects of temporary versus consistent experiences with rejection for both short-term and long-term internalizing problems. Adopting a cross-sectional longitudinal design, the sociometric status of children in the first year of the study (when the children were in the first, second, or third grades), and then again in the next school year (when children were in the second, third, or fourth grades) was assessed to determine which children were rejected by their peers. Internalizing outcome measures were administered in the third and sixth years of follow-up. Results indicated that, for boys, the Threshold Model best represented the stressful effects of rejection. That is, only boys who were exposed to rejection for 2 consecutive years demonstrated both short-term and long-term internalizing problems in subsequent years. For girls, however, there appeared to be few significant differences among those who never experienced rejection, who had only temporary experiences with rejection, and girls who were consistently exposed to rejection. Results are discussed in terms of the significance of a Threshold Model as well as possible explanations for these gender differences.

Interactive effect of ammonia and pH on viability and 14C-labeled exudation from fungal propagules

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Chun ◽  
A. B. Filonow ◽  
J. L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Labeled Compounds ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Sparing Effect

The effect of ammonia on exudation and viability of 14C-labeled propagules of Cochliobolus victoriae, Cochliobolus sativus, and Macrophomina phaseolina was studied in a model fungistatic system with nutrient-independent or nutrient-dependent propagules or in soil amended with urea from which ammonia was generated. In soil, ammonia stimulated exudation of 14C-labeled compounds, but their metabolism by the soil microbiota was suppressed. Short-term exposures of a few hours in a model fungistatic system with high free ammonia concentrations (up to 10 000 mg/L) stimulated a burst of exudation which was usually associated with death of the propagules. Lower concentrations increased exudation less, but exudation tended to be maintained at a level greater than that in nontreated controls. Viability was reduced when the propagules were continuously exposed to long-term doses which were nonlethal for shorter durations. High pH by itself increased exudation, but it did not account for the greater exudation effected by ammonia, nor for its lethal effects. In a fixed-volume system, which imposed low nutrient stress, ammonia (10–100 mg/L) had a sparing effect on the increased exudation brought on by high pH alone; as ammonia concentration was increased (100–1000 mg/L), the sparing effect was lost and exudation increased, accompanied by decreased viability.

scholarly journals Broadening the ecology of fear: non-lethal effects arise from diverse responses to predation and parasitism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Daversa ◽  
R.F. Hechinger ◽  
E. Madin ◽  
A. Fenton ◽  
A.I. Dell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Ecological Scales ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Ecology Of Fear

AbstractThe ecology of fear demonstrates how prey responses to avoid predation cause non-lethal effects at all ecological scales. Parasites also elicit defensive responses in hosts with associated non-lethal effects, which raises the longstanding, yet unresolved question of how non-lethal effects of parasites compare with those of predators. We developed a framework for systematically answering this question for all types of predator and parasite systems. Our framework predicts that trait responses and their non-lethal effects should be strongest from predators and parasites that do not kill individuals to feed on them, but which nevertheless damage fitness. Analysing trait response data on amphibians, which have been well-studied for this area of research, showed that individuals generally responded more directly to short-term predation risks than to parasitism. Apart from studies using amphibians, there have been few direct comparisons of responses to predation and parasitism, and none have incorporated responses to micropredators, parasitoids, or parasitic castrators, or examined their long-term consequences. Addressing these and other data gaps highlighted by our general framework can advance the field toward understanding how non-lethal effects shape real food webs, which contain multiple predator and parasite species.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

Abstract #283 Diabetes Increases Short-Term but not Long-Term Risk of Fracture: A Community-Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Alyssa Dufour ◽  
Setareh Williams ◽  
Richard Weiss ◽  
Elizabeth Samelson
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Risk Of Fracture

Abstract #238: Improved Short Term and Long Term Outcomes of Early Insulin Initiation in Type 2 Diabetes Over 10 Years

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Jothydev Kesavadev ◽  
Shashank Joshi ◽  
Banshi Saboo ◽  
Hemant Thacker ◽  
Arun Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Initiation ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term
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