Effect of bedrock flow on catchment rainfall-runoff characteristics and the water balance in forested catchments in Tanzawa Mountains, Japan

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (26) ◽  
pp. 3864-3872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Oda ◽  
Masakazu Suzuki ◽  
Tomohiro Egusa ◽  
Yoshimi Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Forested Catchments ◽  
Tanzawa Mountains

Correction and preparation of continuously measured raingauge data: a standard method in North Rhine-Westphalia

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Maul-Kötter ◽  
Th. Einfalt
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Simulation ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Free Data ◽  
Important Input ◽  
Raingauge Data ◽  
Environmental Agency

Continuous raingauge measurements are an important input variable for detailed rainfall-runoff simulation. In North Rhine-Westphalia, more than 150 continuous raingauges are used for local hydrological design through the use of site specific rainfall runoff models. Requiring gap-free data, the State Environmental Agency developed methods to use a combination of daily measurements and neighbouring continuous measurements for filling periods of lacking data in a given raindata series. The objective of such a method is to obtain plausible data for water balance simulations. For more than 3500 station years the described methodology has been applied.

scholarly journals Identification of the Impacts of Climate Changes and Human Activities on Runoff in the Jinsha River Basin, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowan Liu ◽  
Dingzhi Peng ◽  
Zongxue Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Variation Method ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Jinsha River ◽  
Water Balance Method ◽  
Double Mass

Quantifying the impacts of climate changes and human activities on runoff has received extensive attention, especially for the regions with significant elevation difference. The contributions of climate changes and human activities to runoff were analyzed using rainfall-runoff relationship, double mass curve, slope variation, and water balance method during 1961–2010 at the Jinsha River basin, China. Results indicate that runoff at upstream and runoff at midstream are both dominated by climate changes, and the contributions of climate changes to runoff are 63%~72% and 53%~68%, respectively. At downstream, climate changes account for only 13%~18%, and runoff is mainly controlled by human activities, contributing 82%~87%. The availability and stability of results were compared and analyzed in the four methods. Results in slope variation, double mass curve, and water balance method except rainfall-runoff relationship method are of good agreement. And the rainfall-runoff relationship, double mass curve, and slope variation method are all of great stability. The four methods and availability evaluation of them could provide a reference to quantification in the contributions of climate changes and human activities to runoff at similar basins in the future.

scholarly journals Modelling monthly runoff generation processes following land use changes: groundwater–surface runoff interactions

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bari ◽  
K. R. J. Smettem
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Monthly Runoff ◽  
Stream Bed

Abstract. A conceptual water balance model is presented to represent changes in monthly water balance following land use changes. Monthly rainfall–runoff, groundwater and soil moisture data from four experimental catchments in Western Australia have been analysed. Two of these catchments, "Ernies" (control, fully forested) and "Lemon" (54% cleared) are in a zone of mean annual rainfall of 725 mm, while "Salmon" (control, fully forested) and "Wights" (100% cleared) are in a zone with mean annual rainfall of 1125 mm. At the Salmon forested control catchment, streamflow comprises surface runoff, base flow and interflow components. In the Wights catchment, cleared of native forest for pasture development, all three components increased, groundwater levels rose significantly and stream zone saturated area increased from 1% to 15% of the catchment area. It took seven years after clearing for the rainfall–runoff generation process to stabilise in 1984. At the Ernies forested control catchment, the permanent groundwater system is 20 m below the stream bed and so does not contribute to streamflow. Following partial clearing of forest in the Lemon catchment, groundwater rose steadily and reached the stream bed by 1987. The streamflow increased in two phases: (i) immediately after clearing due to reduced evapotranspiration, and (ii) through an increase in the groundwater-induced stream zone saturated area after 1987. After analysing all the data available, a conceptual monthly model was created, comprising four inter-connecting stores: (i) an upper zone unsaturated store, (ii) a transient stream zone store, (ii) a lower zone unsaturated store and (iv) a saturated groundwater store. Data such as rooting depth, Leaf Area Index, soil porosity, profile thickness, depth to groundwater, stream length and surface slope were incorporated into the model as a priori defined attributes. The catchment average values for different stores were determined through matching observed and predicted monthly hydrographs. The observed and predicted monthly runoff for all catchments matched well with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.68 to 0.87. Predictions were relatively poor for: (i) the Ernies catchment (lowest rainfall, forested), and (ii) months with very high flows. Overall, the predicted mean annual streamflow was within ±8% of the observed values. Keywords: monthly streamflow, land use change, conceptual model, data-based approach, groundwater

scholarly journals Methods of estimating the elements of water balance in a forested catchment basin

2009 ◽  
Vol 13a (1) ◽  
pp. 19-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolesław Osuch ◽  
Wiesław Gądek ◽  
Anna Homa ◽  
Marta Cebulska ◽  
Robert Szczepanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Catchment Basin ◽  
Forested Catchment ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario

Methods of estimating the elements of water balance in a forested catchment basin The paper presents basic hydrological processes of rainfall-runoff transformation in experimental watershed of the Trzebuńka stream. Several field experiments were made to determine basic hydrological parameters, The influence of atmospheric circulation on spatial distribution of precipitation was investigated. Attempt was made to determine the influence of forest vegetation, undergrowth, forest litter retention and surface retention on water loss in the catchment. Water retention capacity of soil was also estimated. Developed mathematical model of rainfall-runoff transformation was used in several simulations. This allowed evaluating the effect of atmospheric circulation and spatial rainfall distribution on water balance, the influence of vegetation cover with forest litter on water runoff and the effect of forest litter alone in a hypothetical scenario of forest cutting.

Sensitivity analysis of Xinanjiang rainfall–runoff model parameters: a case study in Lianghui, Zhejiang province, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danrong Zhang ◽  
Liru Zhang ◽  
Yiqing Guan ◽  
Xi Chen ◽  
Xinfang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Parameter Calibration ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Xinanjiang Model ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Sensitive Parameters ◽  
Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Routing ◽  
Balance Parameter

The Xinanjiang rainfall–runoff model has been successfully applied in many humid and sub-humid areas in China since 1973. The wide application is due to the simple model structure, the clear physical meaning of the parameters and the well-defined model calibration procedure. However, due to a data scarcity problem and short runoff concentration time, its applications to small drainage basins are difficult. Therefore, we investigate the model application in Lianghui, a small drainage basin of Zhejiang province in China. By using generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) methodology, the sensitivity of parameters of Xinanjiang model was investigated. The data clearly showed that equifinality phenomenon was evident in both water balance parameter calibration and runoff routing parameter calibration procedures. The results showed that K (evapotranspiration conversion coefficient), Cs (recession constant in channel system) and Sm (areal free water storage capacity of surface soil) are the most sensitive parameters for the water balance parameter calibration while Cs, Sm and Wm (mean area tension water capacity) are the most sensitive parameters for runoff routing parameter calibration. The conclusion is favourable for understanding parameters of Xinanjiang model in order to provide valuable scientific information for simulating hydrological processes in small drainage basins.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of conceptual and physical rainfall–runoff models

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Jaiswal ◽  
Sohrat Ali ◽  
Birendra Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
Australian Water

AbstractThe design of water resource structures needs long-term runoff data which is always a problem in developing countries due to the involvement of huge cost of operation and maintenance of gauge discharge sites. Hydrological modelling provides a solution to this problem by developing relationship between different hydrological processes. In the past, several models have been propagated to model runoff using simple empirical relationships between rainfall and runoff to complex physical model using spatially distributed information and time series data of climatic variables. In the present study, an attempt has been made to compare two conceptual models including TANK and Australian water balance model (AWBM) and a physically distributed but lumped on HRUs scale SWAT model for Tandula basin of Chhattisgarh (India). The daily data of reservoirs levels, evaporation, seepage and releases were used in a water balance model to compute runoff from the catchment for the period of 24 years from 1991 to 2014. The rainfall runoff library (RRL) tool was used to set up TANK model and AWBM using auto and genetic algorithm, respectively, and SWAT model with SWATCUP application using sequential uncertainty fitting as optimization techniques. Several tests for goodness of fit have been applied to compare the performance of conceptual and semi-distributed physical models. The analysis suggested that TANK model of RRL performed most appropriately among all the models applied in the analysis; however, SWAT model having spatial and climatic data can be used for impact assessment of change due to climate and land use in the basin.

scholarly journals The extent of land use impact on water regime 

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kovář
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
The Impact

The paper is focused on the impact of land use changes on water regime. First, an emphasis was given to what extent the main components of the water balance on the experimental catchment Všeminka (region Vsetínské Hills) were influenced. For this reason, the WBCM-5 model was implemented for the period of 10 years in a daily step with a particular reference to simulate the components of direct runoff and of subsurface water recharge. In the selected years of the period 1990–2000, the major changes were made in land use and also the significant fluctuation of rainfall-runoff regimes were observed (e.g. dry year 1992 and flood year 1997). After WBCM-5 parameter calibration it was found that some water balance components can change in relation to substantial land use changes even up to tens of percent in a balance-consideration, i.e. in daily, monthly and yearly or decade values, namely the components of interception and also of direct runoff and of subsurface water recharge. However, a different situation appears when investigating significant short-term rainfall-runoff processes. There were about seven real flood events analysed using the model KINFIL-2 (time step 0.5 hr) during the same period of about 10 years on the same catchment. Furthermore, some land use change positive or negative scenarios were also analysed there. As opposed to long-term water balance analyses, there was never achieved any greater differences in the hydrograph peak or volume than 10%. Summarising, it is always important to distinguish a possible land use change impact in either long-term balance or short-term runoff consideration, otherwise a misunderstanding might be easily made, as can often be found when commenting on the impact on floods in some mass media.

scholarly journals A Physically Based Runoff Model Analysis of the Querétaro River Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Javier Villa Alvarado ◽  
Eladio Delgadillo-Ruiz ◽  
Carlos Alberto Mastachi-Loza ◽  
Enrique González-Sosa ◽  
Ramos Salinas Norma Maricela
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Runoff Model

Today the knowledge of physical parameters of a basin is essential to know adequately the rainfall-runoff process; it is well known that the specific characteristics of each basin such as temperature, geographical location, and elevation above sea level affect the maximum discharge and the basin time response. In this paper a physically based model has been applied, to analyze water balance by evaluating the volume rainfall-runoff using SHETRAN and hydrometric data measurements in 2003. The results have been compared with five ETp different methodologies in the Querétaro river basin in central Mexico. With these results the main effort of the authorities should be directed to better control of land-use changes and to working permanently in the analysis of the related parameters, which will have a similar behavior to changes currently being introduced and presented in observed values in this basin. This methodology can be a strong base for sustainable water management in a basin, the prognosis and effect of land-use changes, and availability of water and also can be used to determine application of known basin parameters, basically depending on land-use, land-use changes, and climatological database to determine the water balance in a basin.

Flume-scale laboratory study of rainfall-runoff responses in Devon silt and capillary barrier profiles

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ahlam Abdulnabi ◽  
G. Ward Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Mine Waste ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Capillary Barrier ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Water Balance Components

The design of soil covers for mine waste reclamation requires comprehensive water balance calculations at the ground surface and the subsurface. To achieve a determinate water balance equation, rainfall-runoff quantities need to be predicted or measured. The parameters that control rainfall runoff were investigated by performing rainfall-runoff experiments on Devon silt and capillary barrier profiles at different saturation stages. A rainfall simulator apparatus was employed to measure water balance components at different rainfall intensities during each test; the apparatus’ design is presented. The rainfall intensity and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil govern runoff volumes and rates in the saturated profiles. The rainfall intensity and infiltration capacity of the soil govern runoff volumes and rates in the unsaturated profiles. The capillary barrier effects are evaluated and discussed by comparing time-lapse photographs of the wetting front during each test with changes in matric suction and volumetric water content measurements.

scholarly journals Continuous state-space representation of a bucket-type rainfall-runoff model: a case study with the GR4 model using state-space GR4 (version 1.0)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1591-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léonard Santos ◽  
Guillaume Thirel ◽  
Charles Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
State Space ◽  
Operator Splitting ◽  
Space Representation ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Integration Technique ◽  
State Space Representation ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Unit Hydrographs ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. In many conceptual rainfall–runoff models, the water balance differential equations are not explicitly formulated. These differential equations are solved sequentially by splitting the equations into terms that can be solved analytically with a technique called “operator splitting”. As a result, only the solutions of the split equations are used to present the different models. This article provides a methodology to make the governing water balance equations of a bucket-type rainfall–runoff model explicit and to solve them continuously. This is done by setting up a comprehensive state-space representation of the model. By representing it in this way, the operator splitting, which makes the structural analysis of the model more complex, could be removed. In this state-space representation, the lag functions (unit hydrographs), which are frequent in rainfall–runoff models and make the resolution of the representation difficult, are first replaced by a so-called “Nash cascade” and then solved with a robust numerical integration technique. To illustrate this methodology, the GR4J model is taken as an example. The substitution of the unit hydrographs with a Nash cascade, even if it modifies the model behaviour when solved using operator splitting, does not modify it when the state-space representation is solved using an implicit integration technique. Indeed, the flow time series simulated by the new representation of the model are very similar to those simulated by the classic model. The use of a robust numerical technique that approximates a continuous-time model also improves the lag parameter consistency across time steps and provides a more time-consistent model with time-independent parameters.

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