Subalpine forest water use behaviour and evapotranspiration during two hydrologically contrasting growing seasons in the Canadian Rockies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey E. Langs ◽  
Richard M. Petrone ◽  
John W. Pomeroy
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Canadian Rockies ◽  
Growing Seasons

scholarly journals Yield, Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrogen Leaching of Sensor-Based Fertigation-Cultured Tomato in a Shallow Groundwater Region: Effect of Shallow Groundwater on Tomato Irrigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Jinji Zhang ◽  
Zhuangzhuang Cao ◽  
Haibo Dai ◽  
Zhiping Zhang ◽  
Minmin Miao
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency

Fertigation with surface drip has been introduced and broadly applied for vegetable cultivation in the Eastern China, which presents high precipitation and always has shallow groundwater. To estimate the influence of high groundwater level on the tomato nitrogen (N) and water use efficiency and develop new sensor-based fertigation technology, experiments were executed in plastic greenhouse in the experimental farm of Yangzhou University located in the suburban of Yangzhou city during 2016-2017 growing seasons using a block randomization with three replications. Three N dosages and 4 watering treatments were carried out in this experiment. The data indicated that irrigation threshold of -35 kPa was optimum to get the maximum production of tomato. In this treatment, the value of estimated plant evapotranspiration (ETc) was much higher than total applied water volume, suggesting high groundwater table had a significant contribution on the tomato ETc and a sensor-based irrigation strategy should be more accurate than the simulated ETc irrigation method to calculate the water demand under this condition. In addition, our results indicated that high groundwater level had a positive effect to alleviating N leaching. Finally, we can conclude that fertigation technology enhanced the N use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) and three fourths of the calculated N dosage (according to a traditional nutrient equation) was sufficient to optimize tomato yield.

scholarly journals Soil water cycle and crop water use efficiency after long-term nitrogen fertilization in Loess Plateau

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wang ◽  
W. Liu ◽  
Q. Xue ◽  
T. Dang ◽  
C. Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Management

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) management on soil water recharge, available soil water at sowing (ASWS), soil water depletion, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and water use efficiency (WUE) after long-term fertilization. We collected data from 2 experiments in 2 growing seasons. Treatments varied from no fertilization (CK), single N or phosphorus (P), N and P (NP), to NP plus manure (NPM). Comparing to CK and single N or P treatments, NP and NPM reduced rainfall infiltration depth by 20–60 cm, increased water recharge by 16–21 mm, and decreased ASWS by 89–133 mm in 0–300 cm profile. However, crop yield and WUE continuously increased in NP and NPM treatments after 22 years of fertilization. Yield ranged from 3458 to 3782 kg/ha in NP or NPM but was 1246–1531 kg/ha in CK and single N or P. WUE in CK and single N or P treatments was < 6 kg/ha/mm but increased to 12.1 kg/ha/mm in a NP treatment. The NP and NPM fertilization provided benefits for increased yield and WUE but resulted in lower ASWS. Increasing ASWS may be important for sustainable yield after long-term fertilization.

Irrigated sugarbeet yield, water use and water use efficiency responses to tillage practices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Jabro ◽  
Bart Stevens ◽  
bill Iversen ◽  
brett Allen ◽  
Upendra Sainju
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Use Efficiency

<p>Better management practices have been used to increase soil water storage and reduce evaporation from the soil surface to optimize crop water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated agriculture. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of  conventional tillage (CT), No-till (NT) and strip tillage (ST) practices on yield, water use (WU) and WUE of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) on a clay loam soil under over-head sprinkler irrigation system in the northern Great Plains. Tillage treatments were replicated five times in a randomized block design. Seasonal WU and WUE for sugarbeet root and sucrose yield were determined for the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons according to the water balance and WUE equations under three tillage practices. Results showed that no significant differences due to tillage treatment were found for crop WU, root yield, sucrose yield, and WUE for sugarbeet root and sucrose in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. In 2019, the average value of WU across three tillage systems (616 mm) was significantly greater relative to 2018 (468 mm) due to atypical large rainfalls (218mm) occurred in September of 2019. Consequently, WUE values for both root and sucrose yield in 2019 under CT, NT, and ST were significantly greater than those in 2018. While NT and ST practices are promising alternative to CT for agricultural production in this region, further research is needed prior to making any recommendation.</p>

Effects of clear-cut logging on the diversity and persistence of ectomycorrhizae at a subalpine forest

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M Hagerman ◽  
Melanie D Jones ◽  
Gary E Bradfield ◽  
M Gillespie ◽  
D M Durall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tree Removal

The mycelium extending from ectomycorrhizal fine roots is thought to be an important inoculum source for outplanted seedlings. The purpose of this study, carried out at a subalpine forest in British Columbia, was to investigate the effect of three different clear-cut sizes: 0.1, 1.0, and 10 ha, on the persistence and diversity of ectomycorrhizae. Over the course of the study, a total of 39 distinct mycorrhizal types were observed. The dominant types matched descriptions of E-strain mycorrhizae and of mycorrhizae formed by Cenococcum spp., two types of Lactarius spp., Piloderma spp., Hebeloma spp., Amphinema spp., and Cortinarius spp. One growing season after tree removal, there were no differences between the treatments in the numbers of active fine roots at any location nor were there any effects on the diversity of ectomycorrhizae with treatment. Two and three growing seasons after logging the persistence of some of the main morphotypes differed with treatment. Although there were no differences in the diversity indices at corresponding distances within the different opening sizes, after two and three growing seasons the numbers of active fine roots as well as the diversity of ectomycorrhizae in clearcuts was significantly reduced with distance from the forest edge.

Microhabitat comparisons of transpiration and photosynthesis in three subalpine conifers

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 963-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Carter ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Central Rocky Mountains

Differences in water and photosynthetic relations were compared for three codominant conifers (Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmaniï), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) at microhabitats within a subalpine forest (central Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.) that were considered representative of different successional stages. Diumal measurements of photosynthesis, leaf conductance, and transpiration were taken at microhabitats considered early-successional (open), intermediate (forest gap), and late-successional (forest understory) environments to evaluate possible influences of gas-exchange physiology in observed distributional and successional patterns. Pine had greater water-use efficiency (photosynthesis/transpiration) in early- versus late-successional environments, primarily as a result of a lower leaf conductance and transpiration. Photosynthetic performance was similar among all three species at each respective microhabitat and increased as the openness of the microhabitat increased. Greater water-use efficiency may significantly improve the growth of pine over spruce and fir on more open, drier sites at lower elevation. Higher transpiration in spruce and fir may limit these species to higher elevation sites, to understory sites at middle elevations, and to moister open sites at lower elevations (e.g., riparian sites).

scholarly journals Magnolia and Viburnum Plant Factors at Different Growing Seasons and Allowed Depletion Levels in a Monsoonal Climate

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1744
Author(s):  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Michael D. Dukes ◽  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Water Depletion ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Zone Water

We investigated seasonal water use, growth and acceptable root-zone water depletion levels to develop tools for the more precise irrigation of two Southeast U.S. landscape species in a monsoonal climate—Magnolia grandiflora and Viburnum odoratissimum. The study was conducted under a rainout shelter consisting of two concurrent studies. One, weighing lysimeter readings of quantified water use (ETA) at different levels of irrigation frequency that dried the root zone to different allowable depletion levels (ADL). Two, planting the same species and sizes inground and irrigating them to the same ADLs to assess the effect of root-zone water depletion on growth. The projected crown area (PCA) and crown volume were concurrently measured every three weeks in both studies as well as reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Plant factor values were calculated from the ratio of ETA (normalized to depth units by PCA) to ETo. The two species had different tolerances for irrigation frequency depending on the season: peak magnolia canopy growth was mid-spring to mid-summer, while peak viburnum canopy growth was summer. Canopy growth for both species was most sensitive to greater ADL-water stress during the peak growth stages of both species. For urban landscape irrigation, these data suggest that 60–75% of available water in magnolia and viburnum root zones can be depleted before irrigation and that they can be irrigated at a plant factor (PF) value of 0.6 of ETo. For landscape situations with high expectations, such as during establishment and especially during peak growth, a wetter water budget that minimizes water stress would be more appropriate: 30–45% ADL and PF values of 0.7–0.8. The results of this study are aimed at water managers and landscape architects and designers in a humid climate who need to account for water demand in planning scenarios.

scholarly journals Climate variability supersedes grazing to determine the anatomy and physiology of a dominant grassland species

Oecologia ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seton Bachle ◽  
Jesse B. Nippert
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Grassland Ecosystems ◽  
Leaf Level

AbstractGrassland ecosystems are historically shaped by climate, fire, and grazing which are essential ecological drivers. These grassland drivers influence morphology and productivity of grasses via physiological processes, resulting in unique water and carbon-use strategies among species and populations. Leaf-level physiological responses in plants are constrained by the underlying anatomy, previously shown to reflect patterns of carbon assimilation and water-use in leaf tissues. However, the magnitude to which anatomy and physiology are impacted by grassland drivers remains unstudied. To address this knowledge gap, we sampled from three locations along a latitudinal gradient in the mesic grassland region of the central Great Plains, USA during the 2018 (drier) and 2019 (wetter) growing seasons. We measured annual biomass and forage quality at the plot level, while collecting physiological and anatomical traits at the leaf-level in cattle grazed and ungrazed locations at each site. Effects of ambient drought conditions superseded local grazing treatments and reduced carbon assimilation and total productivity in A. gerardii. Leaf-level anatomical traits, particularly those associated with water-use, varied within and across locations and between years. Specifically, xylem area increased when water was more available (2019), while xylem resistance to cavitation was observed to increase in the drier growing season (2018). Our results highlight the importance of multi-year studies in natural systems and how trait plasticity can serve as vital tool and offer insight to understanding future grassland responses from climate change as climate played a stronger role than grazing in shaping leaf physiology and anatomy.

scholarly journals Irrigation Regimes Affect Yield and Water Use by Bell Pepper

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doyle A. Smittle ◽  
W. Lamar Dickens ◽  
James R. Stansell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Daily Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Tension

`Keystone Resistant Giant' bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was grown in drainage lysimeters under controlled soil water regimes during 1982, 1984, and 1985. Three irrigation regimes were imposed on bell pepper grown on two soil types during spring and fall growing seasons. Irrigation regimes consisted of applying water when the soil water tension at 10 cm exceeded 25, 50, or 75 kPa during crop growth. Yields and water use were greatest when irrigation was applied at 25 kPa. Regression equations are presented to describe the relationships of water use to plant age and to compute the ratios of daily evapotranspiration to pan evaporation (crop factors) for bell pepper grown under the three irrigation regimes.

scholarly journals Yields, Fruit Quality, and Water Use in a Jalapeno Pepper and Tomatoes under Open Field and High-tunnel Production Systems in the Texas High Plains

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1632-1641
Author(s):  
Hyungmin Rho ◽  
Paul Colaizzi ◽  
James Gray ◽  
Li Paetzold ◽  
Qingwu Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Texas High Plains ◽  
High Winds

The Texas High Plains has a semi-arid, hot, windy climate that features high evapotranspiration (ET) demands for crop production. Irrigation is essential for vegetable production in the region, but it is constrained by depleting groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer. High-tunnel (HT) production systems may reduce irrigation water demand and protect crops from severe weather events (e.g., hail, high wind, freezing) common to the region. The objective of this study was to compare yields, fruit quality, crop water use, and crop water use efficiency (WUE) of jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in HT and open field (OF) production systems. We hypothesized that the protection from dry and high winds by HT would improve yields and quality of fruits and reduce water use of peppers and tomatoes. During the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, peppers and tomatoes were transplanted on two HT plots and two identical OF plots. Plastic mulch was used in combination with a surface drip irrigation system. Micrometeorological variables (incoming solar irradiance, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) and soil physical variables (soil temperature and volumetric soil water) were measured. Air temperatures were significantly higher during the daytime, and wind speed and light intensity were significantly lower in HT compared with OF. Despite the lower light intensity, yields were greater in HT compared with OF. The fruits grown in HT did not show significant differences in chemical quality attributes, such as ascorbic acid and lycopene contents, compared with those grown in OF. Because of protection from dry, high winds, plants in HT required less total water over the growing seasons compared with OF, resulting in increased WUE. The 2018 and 2019 data showed that HT production is advantageous as compared to conventional OF production in terms of increased WUE and severe weather risk mitigation for high-value vegetable production in the Texas High Plains.

Canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen and new growth nitrogen requirement at a Colorado subalpine forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2221-2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Tomaszewski ◽  
Richard L Boyce ◽  
Herman Sievering
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Decadal Time Scale ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
N Requirement

A field study at a Rocky Mountain spruce–fir–pine forest was undertaken to obtain canopy N uptake (CNU), N reallocation, and foliar N requirement. Wet deposition, dry deposition, and throughfall fluxes of ammonium and nitrate were measured during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. Estimation of CNU, for both ammonium and nitrate, was obtained by subtracting throughfall (TF) flux from the sum of wet deposition (WD) and dry deposition (DD): CNU = WD + DD - TF. CNU efficiency (CNU/(WD + DD)) for ammonium (0.9) was consistent across 2000 and 2001. For nitrate, this efficiency was 0.8 and 0.7 for 2000 and 2001, respectively. Foliar N requirement for growth in 2000 and 2001 was about 19 and 22 kg N·ha–1·year–1, respectively. Growing season estimates of CNU for 2000 and 2001 were approximately 2 and 3 kg N·ha–1, respectively. Thus, CNU may contribute 10%-15% of the foliar N requirement for canopy growth. Mountain upslope winds bring substantial amounts of anthropogenic N to this forest during the growing season, thereby contributing to CNU. Given that a sizable fraction of CNU is anthropogenic in origin, the forest's N cycle has likely undergone substantial changes on a decadal time scale.

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