scholarly journals Neural activation of swallowing and swallowing-related tasks in healthy young adults: An attempt to separate the components of deglutition

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 3209-3226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia A. Malandraki ◽  
Bradley P. Sutton ◽  
Adrienne L. Perlman ◽  
Dimitrios C. Karampinos ◽  
Charles Conway
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Neural Activation

Acute exercise, memory, and neural activation in young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 299-309
Author(s):  
Alexis B. Slutsky-Ganesh ◽  
Jennifer L. Etnier ◽  
Jeffrey D. Labban
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Neural Activation

scholarly journals Variation in serotonin neurotransmission genes affects neural activation during response inhibition in adolescents and young adults with ADHD and healthy controls

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan van Rooij ◽  
Catharina A. Hartman ◽  
Marjolein M.J. van Donkelaar ◽  
Janita Bralten ◽  
Daniel von Rhein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Healthy Controls

scholarly journals Sex differences in spatial accuracy relate to the neural activation of antagonistic muscles in young adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 235 (8) ◽  
pp. 2425-2436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostina Casamento-Moran ◽  
Sandra K. Hunter ◽  
Yen-Ting Chen ◽  
Min Hyuk Kwon ◽  
Emily J. Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Antagonistic Muscles

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Dual-Task Walking: Effects of Cognitive versus Motor Interference in Young Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Beurskens ◽  
Fabian Steinberg ◽  
Franziska Antoniewicz ◽  
Wanja Wolff ◽  
Urs Granacher
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Behavioral Studies

Walking while concurrently performing cognitive and/or motor interference tasks is the norm rather than the exception during everyday life and there is evidence from behavioral studies that it negatively affects human locomotion. However, there is hardly any information available regarding the underlying neural correlates of single- and dual-task walking. We had 12 young adults (23.8 ± 2.8 years) walk while concurrently performing a cognitive interference (CI) or a motor interference (MI) task. Simultaneously, neural activation in frontal, central, and parietal brain areas was registered using a mobile EEG system. Results showed that the MI task but not the CI task affected walking performance in terms of significantly decreased gait velocity and stride length and significantly increased stride time and tempo-spatial variability. Average activity in alpha and beta frequencies was significantly modulated during both CI and MI walking conditions in frontal and central brain regions, indicating an increased cognitive load during dual-task walking. Our results suggest that impaired motor performance during dual-task walking is mirrored in neural activation patterns of the brain. This finding is in line with established cognitive theories arguing that dual-task situations overstrain cognitive capabilities resulting in motor performance decrements.

Differences in Chemo-signaling Compound-Evoked Brain Activity in Male and Female Young Adults: A Pilot Study in the Role of Sexual Dimorphism in Olfactory Chemo-Signaling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor D. Ottesen ◽  
Kevin C. Davis ◽  
Landon K. Hobbs ◽  
Nathan M. Muncy ◽  
Nicholas M. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Activation Patterns

AbstractIntroductionPrevious studies have shown that putative pheromones 4,16-androstadien-3-one (AND) and estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol (EST) cause activation in the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus in men and women. Sex differences in neural activation patterns have been demonstrated when participants are subject to pheromone stimulation; however, whether other compounds give rise to similar neural activity has not been completely investigated.MethodsTwenty-nine young adults [16 female (21.3+/−0.54; mean yrs+/−SE), 13 male (22.85+/−0.42)] participated in a 3-block design, where participants were exposed to a scent (lavender), a synthetic male pheromone (4,16-androstadien-3b-ol; ALD), and a synthetic female pheromone (1,3,5(10),16-Estratetraen-3-ol; EST) via an automated olfactometer. Whole-brain, high-resolution (1.8mm3) functional MRI data from a Siemens Trio 3T MRI scanner were collected during all blocks. Five adults were excluded due to excessive movement. MANOVA analysis, a 2 × 3 multivariate model and analysis of 2×2 effects between sex and subsets of stimuli was done for activation over the whole brain and small volumes involved in olfaction.ResultsExploratory analysis of 2×2 effects between sex and subsets of stimuli exhibited significant interactions when assessing activations over the whole brain, and small volumes involved in olfaction. The left and right frontal poles (LFP, RFP) shows significant interaction when assessing sex with lavender and EST for whole brain analysis. For small volume analysis, the right orbitofrontal cortex (ROFC) exhibited a sex with lavender and ALD interaction, and a sex with lavender and EST interaction was observed in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). Main effects of sex, stimulus, or interaction show no differences analyzed using a 2 × 3 multivariate model.ConclusionThe study shows there is a sexually dimorphic response in the olfactory system to pheromones not previously studied. Scents like lavender do not have this same response. These distinct functional differences in activation patterns may be a result of neural development and maturation differences between sexes. Future studies should expand this pilot study and involve a younger demographic to accurately determine the age at which the olfactory response differentiates between males and females.

scholarly journals Trauma-associated anterior cingulate connectivity during reward learning predicts affective and anxiety states in young adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1831-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen L. Eckstrand ◽  
Lindsay C. Hanford ◽  
Michele A. Bertocci ◽  
Henry W. Chase ◽  
Tsafrir Greenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Learning Networks ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundTrauma exposure is associated with development of depression and anxiety; yet, some individuals are resilient to these trauma-associated effects. Differentiating mechanisms underlying development of negative affect and resilience following trauma is critical for developing effective interventions. One pathway through which trauma could exert its effects on negative affect is reward-learning networks. In this study, we examined relationships among lifetime trauma, reward-learning network function, and emotional states in young adults.MethodsOne hundred eleven young adults self-reported trauma and emotional states and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary reward task. Trauma-associated neural activation and functional connectivity were analyzed during reward prediction error (RPE). Relationships between trauma-associated neural functioning and affective and anxiety symptoms were examined.ResultsNumber of traumatic events was associated with greater ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) activation, and lower vACC connectivity with the right insula, frontopolar, inferior parietal, and temporoparietal regions, during RPE. Lower trauma-associated vACC connectivity with frontoparietal regions implicated in regulatory and decision-making processes was associated with heightened affective and anxiety symptoms; lower vACC connectivity with insular regions implicated in interoception was associated with lower affective and anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsIn a young adult sample, two pathways linked the impact of trauma on reward-learning networks with higherv.lower negative affective and anxiety symptoms. The disconnection between vACC and regions implicated in decision-making and self-referential processes may reflect aberrant regulatory but appropriate self-focused mechanisms, respectively, conferring risk forv.resilience against negative affective and anxiety symptoms.

Continuum of Care Following Sports-Related Concussion

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 1389-1403
Author(s):  
Jessica Brown ◽  
Kelly Knollman-Porter
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Continuum Of Care ◽  
Medical Professional ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Injury Reporting

Purpose Although guidelines have changed regarding federally mandated concussion practices since their inception, little is known regarding the implementation of such guidelines and the resultant continuum of care for youth athletes participating in recreational or organized sports who incur concussions. Furthermore, data regarding the role of speech-language pathologists in the historic postconcussion care are lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the experiences of young adults with history of sports-related concussion as it related to injury reporting and received follow-up care. Method Participants included 13 young adults with history of at least one sports-related concussion across their life span. We implemented a mixed-methods design to collect both quantitative and qualitative information through structured interviews. Participants reported experiencing 42 concussions across the life span—26 subsequent to sports injuries. Results Twenty-three concussions were reported to a parent or medical professional, 14 resulted in a formal diagnosis, and participants received initial medical care for only 10 of the incidents and treatment or services on only two occasions. Participants reported concussions to an athletic trainer least frequently and to parents most frequently. Participants commented that previous experience with concussion reduced the need for seeking treatment or that they were unaware treatments or supports existed postconcussion. Only one concussion incident resulted in the care from a speech-language pathologist. Conclusion The results of the study reported herein shed light on the fidelity of sports-related concussion care management across time. Subsequently, we suggest guidelines related to continuum of care from injury to individualized therapy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document