scholarly journals Applications and statistical properties of minimum significant difference-based criterion testing in a toxicity testing program

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Wang ◽  
Debra L. Denton ◽  
Rakesh Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Testing Program ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Criterion Testing

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of the Aerial Extract ofMonsonia angustifoliaE. Mey. ex. A. Rich in Wistar Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Jide Afolayan ◽  
Olubunmi Abosede Wintola ◽  
Gerda Fouche
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dose Dependent

The acute and subacute toxicity profile of the aerial extract ofMonsonia angustifoliain Wistar rats was evaluated. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 420 guideline was adopted in the acute toxicity testing with a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg (b.w.). For the 28-day daily oral dosing, the extract was administered at 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg b.w.; 1% ethanol in sterile distilled water was used as control. Clinical toxicity signs were subsequently evaluated. At a single dose of 5000 mg/kg b.w. the extract elicited no treatment-related signs of toxicity in the animals during the 14 days of experimental period. In the subacute toxicity, there was no significant difference in hematological, renal, and liver function indices. However, dose-dependent significant increases were observed on the plasma concentrations of white blood cell and platelet counts of the treated animals compared to the control group. While cage observations revealed no treatment-facilitated signs of toxicity, histopathological examinations of the kidneys and liver also showed no obvious lesions and morphological changes. These results suggest that the extract may be labelled and classified as safe and practically nontoxic within the doses and period of investigation in this study.

The Biocompatibility and Security of Magnetic Nanoparticles Fe3O4-DNR Used In Hematologic Malignancies Therapy

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 3970-3970
Author(s):  
Bao-An Chen ◽  
Wei-wei Wu ◽  
Jian Cheng ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles Fe3o4 ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Fe3o4 Mnps ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract Abstract 3970 The objective of this paper is to study the biocompatibility and security of self-prepared magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 (Fe3O4-MNPs) loaded with daunorubicin (DNR), which has the potential application in hematologic malignancies therapy. Hemolysis test was carried out to estimate it s blood toxicity; Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR were intra peritoneally injected into mouse to calculate the LD50; micronucleus (MN) assay was reckoned to identify its genotoxicity; acute toxicity testing was evaluated its influence to mouse hepatic and renal functions. The result of hemolysis rate (HR) of Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR was 2.908%, far less than 5%. Therefore, we concluded that self-prepated Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR nanoparticles had no hemolytic reaction, and they consistent with the requirement of hemolytic test of biomaterials. The LD50 of Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR nanoparticles to the mice was 1009.71mg/kg (relative content of DNR was 10mg/kg) and the 95% confidence interval was 769.11∼1262.40mg/kg, it had no significant difference compared with LD50 of using DNR only, which data was 8.51mg/kg and the 95% confidence interval was 6.48∼10.37mg/kg, and it had wide safety value circumscription. In micronucleus assay, compared Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR nanoparticles experimental groups with negative control group, we found that the result had no significant difference (P > 0. 05) in micronucleus formation rate, while compared experimental groups with positive control group, the result had significant difference (P < 0. 05). The result indicated that Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles had no cacogenesis and mutagenesis. Acute toxicity testing showed that mice body weigh of control group, Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR nanoparticles experimental group and isodose DNR group had no significant difference in 24h, 48h, and 72h after intra peritoneally injection; they had normal activity, eating and evacuation; toxic reactions such as instability of gait, convulsion, paralysis and respiratory depression were not been found; the alanine transarninase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine clearance rate (CCr) of Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR nanoparticles experimental group was 66.0±28.55u/L, 9.06±1.05mmol/L, and 18.03±1.84umol/L, respectively, which had no significant difference compared with control group and isodose DNR group. From the results of our experiment, we could consider that self-prepared Fe3O4-MNPs loaded with DNR nanoparticles is a kind of high biocompatibility and security materials and perhaps is suitable for further application in hematologic malignancies therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Acute toxicity of red fruits (Pandanus conoideus Lamk) oil and the hepatic enzyme level in rat

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 176-178
Author(s):  
Okta Wismandanu ◽  
◽  
Innes Maulidya ◽  
Susi Indariani ◽  
Irmanida Batubara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Hepatic Enzyme ◽  
General Behaviour ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fruit Oil

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lamk) empirically has been used Papuapeople , Indonesia as a natural medicine to treat a variety of diseases including cancer, HIV / AIDS, herpes and diabetes. The information about the toxicity of this plant is very important considering this plant is potential as medicine. The aim of this study is to determine acute toxicity of red fruit oil and its effect on hepatic enzyme level (AST and ALT). The oil was extracted by heat extraction method. Acute toxicity testing conducted based on OECD 423 guideline. In acute toxicity study, the oral dose of red fruit oil was administrated to 3 group (300, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW) in single dose. The general behaviour, adverse effect and clinical symptom was observed every hour in first 4 hours, 24 hours,48 hours, and continue to observe for 14 days after administration of red fruit oil. No animals showed toxic symptoms in 300 and 2000 mg/kg dosing group. One animal in 5000 mg/kg BW dosing group had diarrhea one hour after administration. No animal dead in this experiment after 14 days observation. AST and ALT mean value for rats on 300 mg/kg BW, 2000 mg/kg BW, and 5000 mg/kg BW dosing groups are 22.70±1:05 IU/L , 24.15±8.89 IU/L and 24.54 ± 6.26 IU/L and 18.04 ± 0.77 IU / L,19.69 ± 3.08 IU/L, 16.78±1.60 IU / L, respectively. No statistically significant difference of the value of AST and ALT levels in each treatment group (p>0.05). Based on the 2001 OECD acute toxicity, red fruit can be categorized as Category 5 GHS (Globally Harmonized System for Chemical Classification Subtances and Mixtures) as practically non-toxic materials.

Germination potential of Sesbania cannabina in 2 Chromium (Cr) spiked growth media

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Kadir Ibne Kamal ◽  
Lesley Batty ◽  
Rebecca Bartlett ◽  
Suleiman Suleiman ◽  
Joanna Chustecki
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Sesbania Cannabina ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Submerged Soils ◽  
Significant Difference

&lt;p&gt;Sediments of the banks of the Buriganga River, Bangladesh, are contaminated with heavy metals from industrial activity, especially Chromium (Cr). These carcinogens pose a serious risk to human and environmental health (Nargis et al., 2018). Sesbania cannabina, a leguminous fodder crop with rapid growth and high biomass production, is found to be naturally growing in these areas (Sarwar et al., 2015) and may have phytoremediation potential (Varun et al., 2017). This study aims to determine whether Sesbania cannabina can be grown from seed under chromium stressed conditions to establish this species as a possible phyto-extractor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this experiment toxicity testing of Chromium (K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;) on seed germination was carried out using two growth media: Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS0); and filter paper (Whatman Grad 1), by top of media or top of paper method respectively. In all cases, seeds were germinated under controlled conditions; 12 h full spectrum light at temperature 28&amp;#176;C &amp;#177; 1&amp;#176;C and relative humidity of ~ 75% for 5 days. Seeds were pre-treated with H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (6% v/v) for 5 minutes and primed with 65&amp;#176;C water for 5 minutes, before the addition of Cr. Under low Cr concentrations (0 to 50 ppm) there was no significant effect observed in germination or root length. Under high Cr concentrations 98-100% of seeds germinated in both growth media, but root length decreased to almost half that of controls in &amp;#8805; 500 ppm Cr, and root elongation was negligible or stopped in &amp;#8805; 1000 ppm Cr. Confocal micrographs (stained with propidium iodide) indicate that damage to the cell wall of lateral root tips of germinated seeds increased with the concentration of Cr. There was no significant difference observed between the two growth media.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thus it can be concluded that Sesbenia cannabina can tolerate Cr contamination, and is able to germinate and grow in up to 500 ppm Cr. Given the ability of SC to grow in semi-arid to sub-humid climates, and a range of environmental conditions including seasonally submerged soils, there is great potential for SC to be adopted as a tool for phytoremediation of Cr contaminated soils in Bangladesh and elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;

COMMUNITY DYNAMICS IN SOCIAL NETWORKS

2007 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. L273-L287 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERGELY PALLA ◽  
ALBERT-LÁSZLÓ BARABÁSI ◽  
TAMÁS VICSEK
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Modular Structure ◽  
New Members ◽  
Significant Difference

We study the statistical properties of community dynamics in large social networks, where the evolving communities are obtained from subsequent snapshots of the modular structure. Such cohesive groups of people can grow by recruiting new members, or contract by loosing members; two (or more) groups may merge into a single community, while a large enough social group can split into several smaller ones; new communities are born and old ones may disappear. We find significant difference between the behavior of smaller collaborative or friendship circles and larger communities, eg. institutions. Social groups containing only a few members persist longer on average when the fluctuations of the members is small. In contrast, we find that the condition for stability for large communities is continuous changes in their membership, allowing for the possibility that after some time practically all members are exchanged.

Reducing animal numbers in the fixed-dose procedure

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Stallard ◽  
A. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Simplified Model ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity

The fixed-dose procedure (FDP) was proposed by the British Toxicology Society (1984) 1as an alternative to assessment of acute oral toxicity via estimation of the LD50. The procedure is incorporated in OECD guidelines on acute oral toxicity testing.2 Whitehead and Curnow (1992)3used a mathematical model to describe the statistical properties of the FDP. This paper uses a simplified model to investigate further the procedure. In particular the effects of altering the number of animals included at each stage in the procedure are evaluated. It is shown that a reduction in the number of animals tested makes little difference to the toxic classifi cation of a substance with a steep dose-response curve, but has increasing effect as the dose-response curve becomes shallower. The simplified model also shows that in the proposed procedure the most likely classification depends on the LD 7 of the substance tested. Changing the number of animals tested results in the most likely classification depending on other LD values. The effect of additional variation is also considered. Such variation might arise from within-laboratory differ ences. Although this increases the range of substances for which misclassification is likely, the increase is not much affected by the number of animals tested.

scholarly journals Food and water consumption in assessment of acute oral toxicity of HEPALIP FORTE in rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Maida Todić ◽  
Sanela Bakić ◽  
Begler Begović ◽  
Sanja Krošnjar ◽  
Irfan Zulić
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Essential Phospholipids

Body weight variations during toxicological testing can be one of the indicators of the test substance toxic effects. Data on food and water consumption are true indicators of the rate of growth of experimental animals (Stevens & Gallo, 1989). Daily recording of the food and water consumption was done during the acute toxicity testing of HEPALIP FORTE. The study was performed on Wistar rats. The active component of HEPALIP FORTE is EPL substance--essential phospholipids, a natural substance present in every living cell. Essential phospholipids in combination with vitamins have been used in the treatment of liver diseases, dyslipoproteinaemias and intoxications accompanied with liver failure. Statistical analysis of the body weight variations was performed separately, for males and females. The analysis failed to show any significant difference between the groups. There was a significant difference in water consumption between the male group 2M and female groups 3F and 2F in comparison with control groups. Statistical analysis of the variations of food consumption showed a significant difference in all male groups in comparison with control groups, and only in the 3F female group in comparison with a control group. Considering the absence of lethality and the lack of significant influence of the test substance on animal body weights, we concluded that the test substance was not acutely toxic in rats, if applied orally, in single doses of 300 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg. Significant differences found in food and water consumption suggest a need of their during the future chronic toxicity testing.

scholarly journals Auditory but Not Audiovisual Cues Lead to Higher Neural Sensitivity to the Statistical Regularities of an Unfamiliar Musical Style

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2241-2259
Author(s):  
Ioanna Zioga ◽  
Peter M. C. Harrison ◽  
Marcus T. Pearce ◽  
Joydeep Bhattacharya ◽  
Caroline Di Bernardi Luft
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
Final Note ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Low Probability

It is still a matter of debate whether visual aids improve learning of music. In a multisession study, we investigated the neural signatures of novel music sequence learning with or without aids (auditory-only: AO, audiovisual: AV). During three training sessions on three separate days, participants (nonmusicians) reproduced (note by note on a keyboard) melodic sequences generated by an artificial musical grammar. The AV group ( n = 20) had each note color-coded on screen, whereas the AO group ( n = 20) had no color indication. We evaluated learning of the statistical regularities of the novel music grammar before and after training by presenting melodies ending on correct or incorrect notes and by asking participants to judge the correctness and surprisal of the final note, while EEG was recorded. We found that participants successfully learned the new grammar. Although the AV group, as compared to the AO group, reproduced longer sequences during training, there was no significant difference in learning between groups. At the neural level, after training, the AO group showed a larger N100 response to low-probability compared with high-probability notes, suggesting an increased neural sensitivity to statistical properties of the grammar; this effect was not observed in the AV group. Our findings indicate that visual aids might improve sequence reproduction while not necessarily promoting better learning, indicating a potential dissociation between sequence reproduction and learning. We suggest that the difficulty induced by auditory-only input during music training might enhance cognitive engagement, thereby improving neural sensitivity to the underlying statistical properties of the learned material.

scholarly journals Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Aqueous Root Extract ofDicoma anomalaSond. in Wistar Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatai Oladunni Balogun ◽  
Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

The present study evaluated the safety of aqueous root extract ofDicoma anomala(AQRED) through acute and subchronic toxicity studies. Single oral dose of AQRED at the concentration of 0, 5, 300, and 2000 mg/kg as well as 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day was administered to rats for 14-day acute and 90-day subchronic oral toxicity studies. The results revealed no mortalities or observed clinical signs of toxicity in all the rats during both investigation periods. In subchronic toxicity testing, administration of AQRED also did not cause any changes in body weight as well as food and water consumption patterns. The haematological parameters and blood chemistry revealed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatment and the control except in platelet count, alkaline phosphatase, and sodium levels where there was a significant increase (p<0.05), although there was also a significant reduction (p<0.05) in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and creatinine when compared to control. However, these changes were not reflecting the results from histology. Conclusively, the obtained results suggested that the LD50of AQRED is in excess of 2000 mg/kg and its oral administration for 90 days revealed that it is unlikely to be toxic, hence, safe.

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