Relationships between exposure and dose in aquatic toxicity tests for organic chemicals

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 2038-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Mackay ◽  
Lynn S. McCarty ◽  
Jon A. Arnot
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Organic Chemicals

scholarly journals Challenges in The Regulatory Use of Water Accommodated Fractions for Assessing Complex Substances

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Robert Wheeler ◽  
Delina Lyon ◽  
Carolina di Paulo ◽  
Albania Grosso ◽  
Mark Crane
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Water Accommodated Fractions ◽  
Complex Substance

Abstract The use of the Water Accommodated Fraction (WAF) approach for the preparation of exposure systems of complex substances such as petroleum products has been a standard way to perform aquatic toxicity tests on these substances for over 30 years. In this Commentary we briefly describe the historical development, rationale, and guidance for the use and reporting of the WAF approach to assess complex substances. We then discuss two case studies, with coal tar pitch and kerosene/jet fuel, which illustrate challenges from regulatory authorities in Europe and the United States when using the WAF approach. We describe how the WAF approach is the only currently known method for testing the toxicity of the whole of a complex substance, even when some of its constituents remain unknown; it accounts for differences in the solubility of the constituents within a complex substance; and use of loading rates to describe any toxic effects is a unifying concept that allows direct comparison with releases of readily soluble substances in hazard assessment and chemical classification.

scholarly journals Comparative Aquatic Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles and Ionic Gold Using a Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarryn L. Botha ◽  
Tanyn E. James ◽  
Victor Wepener
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Species Sensitivity Distribution ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Species Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Distribution ◽  
Hazardous Concentration ◽  
Toxic Potential ◽  
Ionic Gold

Gold nanoparticles (nAu) are used in drug delivery systems allowing for targeted cellular distribution. The effects of increased use and release of nanoparticles into the environment are not well known. A species sensitivity distribution (SSD) allows for the ecotoxicological hazard assessment of a chemical based on single species toxicity tests. Aquatic toxicity needs to be related to particle characterization in order to understand the effects. The behaviour of nAu in the medium changed as the concentration increased. The toxic potential of ionic gold and nAu was expressed as a hazardous concentration where 5% of species will be harmed (HC5). The HC5 for nAu was much higher (42.78 mg/L) compared to the ionic gold (2.44 mg/L). The differences between the hazard potentials of nAu and ionic gold were attributed to the nAu not releasing any Au ions into solution during the exposures and following an aggregation theory response. Exposures to ionic gold on the other hand followed a clear dose dependent response based on the concentration of the ionic metal. Although SSDs present an indication of the relative hazard potential of nanoparticles, the true worth can only be achieved once other nanoparticle characteristics and their behavior in the environment are also considered.

A flow-through passive dosing system for continuously supplying aqueous solutions of hydrophobic chemicals to bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity tests

Chemosphere ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretha Adolfsson-Erici ◽  
Gun Åkerman ◽  
Annika Jahnke ◽  
Philipp Mayer ◽  
Michael S. McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Passive Dosing

Effect of Sulfite Dechlorination on the Accumulation of Waterborne Lead by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sodium Sulfite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Laboratory Water

Chlorine can be removed from laboratory water supplies by reduction with sodium sulfite, but sulfite complexation of metals may bias aquatic toxicity tests. We tested the effect of waterborne sulfite on the accumulation of waterborne lead by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). After 96 h, the blood lead levels of trout exposed to both 100 μg lead/L and 440 μg sodium sulfite/L were lower than those exposed to lead alone. The highest level of sodium sulfite having no effect on blood lead was 20 μg/L. The addition of 200–300 μg sodium sulfite/L to our water supply after charcoal filtration removed residual chlorine levels rapidly and completely. This reaction, and other possible reactions with organic matter, always reduced measureabie sulfite levels to less than 1 μg/L (limit of detection), a level much lower than those tested. Hence, sulfite dechlorination should not interfere with metal bioassays.

QSARs based on fuzzy adaptive least-squares analysis for the aquatic toxicity of organic chemicals

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Liu ◽  
Shuichi Hirono ◽  
Yasuo Matsushita ◽  
Ikuo Moriguchi
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Fuzzy Adaptive
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