Modelling raindrop impact and splash erosion processes within a spatial cell: a stochastic approach

We examined, both experimentally and theoretically, whether rilling results in higher soil erosion than would have occurred without rilling. The possibility of rilling occurs when overland flow-driven erosion processes are dominant over erosion due to raindrop impact, and that is the situation assumed in this paper. Stream power (or a quantity related to stream power such as shear stress) is commonly used to describe the driving variable in flow-driven erosion. Five flume experiments were designed to investigate the relationship between stream power and sediment concentration and how this relationship is affected by the ratio of width to depth of flow (r), and the frequency or number of rills per metre width (N) of rectangular rills. This paper presents the results of these experiments and uses a physically based soil erosion theory to show that the results of the 5 flume experiments are in accord with this theory. This theory is used to investigate the effect of all possible rectangular rill geometries and frequencies on the maximum possible sediment concentration, i.e. the sediment concentration at the transport limit, by developing general relationships for the influence of r and N on sediment concentration. It is shown that increased stream power, which can be due to rilling, does not necessarily result in higher sediment concentration.

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Raindrop-impact-induced erosion processes and prediction: a review

Hydrological Processes ◽

10.1002/hyp.5788 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (14) ◽

pp. 2815-2844 ◽

Cited By ~ 295

Author(s):

P. I. A. Kinnell

Keyword(s):

Erosion Processes ◽

Raindrop Impact

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Affectability of splash erosion by polyacrylamide application and rainfall intensity

Soil and Water Research ◽

10.17221/45/2011-swr ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 159-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Boroghani ◽

F. Hayavi ◽

H. Noor

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

Erosion Control ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Soil Particles ◽

Splash Erosion ◽

Erosion Processes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rain Drops

Splash erosion is recognized as the first stage in a soil erosion process and results from the soil surface bombing by rain drops. At the moment when rain drops conflict with the soil surface, soil particles move and destruct the soil structure. Soil particles dispersed by rain drops and moved by runoff are two basic soil erosion processes. In this study, the effect of applying various amounts of polyacrylamide (PAM) (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m2) on the quantity of splash erosion at three rainfall intensities of 65, 95 and 120 mm/h by using of FEL3 rainfall simulator was investigated in marly soil in a laboratory. Results indicated differences in the effects of various treatments with PAM at all rainfall intensities, such as 0.6 g/m2 PAM had the maximum effect on the splash erosion control by reducing soil erosion by about 28.93%. But statistical results showed that the use of various amounts of PAM (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m2) for controlling splash erosion at various rain intensities to decrease splash erosion did not reveal a statistically significant difference. Therefore, the application of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/m2 PAM reduced the splash erosion, however, there was no statistical difference among these application rates of PAM. Finally, the results of statistical analysis of different intensities showed that only at 120 mm/h there was a significant difference between PAM treatment and control treatment (0 g/m2 PAM) in the splash erosion control. At this intensity, the treatment with 0.4 g/m2 PAM produced a maximum effect on the splash erosion control with 40% in comparison with the control treatment.

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Splash Erosion on Terraces, Does It Make a Difference If the Terracing Is Done before or after a Fire?

Hydrology ◽

10.3390/hydrology8040180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

María Fernández-Raga ◽

Martinho A. S. Martins ◽

Elena Marcos Porras ◽

Roberto Fraile ◽

Jan Jacob Keizer

Keyword(s):

Meteorological Data ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Type Model ◽

Subsurface Hydrology ◽

Splash Erosion ◽

Erosion Rates ◽

Erosion Processes ◽

High Degree ◽

The Impact ◽

Fire Conditions

Terraces are a common Mediterranean feature influencing soils, slopes and subsurface hydrology; however, little is known about their impact on erosion processes, especially in humid regions. The purpose of this study was to assess how terracing after a fire affected erosion processes such as splash erosion. For 8 months, the study monitored splash erosion in three terraced plots, one plot under pre-fire conditions and the other two under post-fire conditions. Assessment of the impact of the terracing treatment in such plots was carried out by the installation of two different splash erosion quantitative systems: cups and funnels. An analysis of the splash data obtained in 17 rainfall events and meteorological data collected during each one of those periods was then performed. A significant positive correlation between the amount of rainfall and the splash erosion was observed. The two splash sampling systems show a high degree of concordance; however, the funnel-type model seems to be the most appropriate when it comes to preventing loss of splashed soil samples. The post-fire treatment with terracing leads to a smaller stability of surface soil aggregates, causing higher splash erosion rates. Sampling using the funnel system collects three times the amount of splashed soil than that collected by the cup system, although both systems correlate appropriately with the meteorological parameters.

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Soil internal forces contribute more than raindrop impact force to rainfall splash erosion

Geoderma ◽

10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.05.031 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 330 ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Feinan Hu ◽

Jingfang Liu ◽

Chenyang Xu ◽

Wei Du ◽

Zhihua Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Impact Force ◽

Splash Erosion ◽

Internal Forces ◽

Raindrop Impact

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The methodological approach for the determination of the pressure of artificial raindrops as a question of the theory of splash soil erosion

Melioration and Water Management ◽

10.32962/0235-2524-2019-1-24-28 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 24-28

Author(s):

Mihail Zver'kov

Keyword(s):

Block Diagram ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Control Measures ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Effective Pressure ◽

Long Distance ◽

Splash Erosion ◽

Rain Drops ◽

Artificial Rain ◽

The Impact

To the article the results of the theoretical and experimental researches are given on questions of estimates of the dynamic rate effect of raindrop impact on soil. The aim of this work was to analyze the current methods to determine the rate of artificial rain pressure on the soil for the assessment of splash erosion. There are the developed author’s method for calculation the pressure of artificial rain on the soil and the assessment of splash erosion. The study aims to the justification of evaluation methods and the obtaining of quantitative characteristics, prevention and elimination of accelerated (anthropogenic) erosion, the creation and the realization of the required erosion control measures. The paper considers the question of determining the pressure of artificial rain on the soil. At the moment of raindrops impact, there is the tension in the soil, which is called vertical effective pressure. It is noted that the impact of rain drops in the soil there are stresses called vertical effective pressure. The equation for calculation of vertical effective pressure is proposed in this study using the known spectrum of raindrops. Effective pressure was 1.4 Pa for the artificial rain by sprinkler machine «Fregat» and 5.9 Pa for long distance sprinkler DD-30. The article deals with a block diagram of the sequence for determining the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. This diagram was created by the author’s method of calculation of the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. The need for an integrated approach to the description of the artificial rain impact on the soil is noted. Various parameters characterizing drop erosion are considered. There are data about the mass of splashed soil in the irrigation of various irrigation machinery and installations. For example, the rate (mass) of splashed soil was 0.28…0.78 t/ha under irrigation sprinkler apparatus RACO 4260–55/701C in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The method allows examining the environmental impact of sprinkler techniques for analyzes of the pressure, caused by raindrops, on the soil. It can also be useful in determining the irrigation rate before the runoff for different types of sprinkler equipment and soil conditions.

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