scholarly journals Age‐related breeding success in little penguins: a result of selection and ontogenetic changes in foraging and phenology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Saraux ◽  
Andre Chiaradia
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals AGE-RELATED FEATURES OF NEURODYNAMIC INDICATORS IN NATIVE ADOLESCENT FEMALES OF RUSSIA’S NORTHEAST

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Tatyana Petrovna Bartosh ◽  
Olga Petrovna Bartosh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Middle Latitude ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Modern School ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Short Term Visual Memory ◽  
Lower Mobility ◽  
And Performance

An increase in mental and emotional stress in modern school makes relevant the issue of preserving the psychophysiological health of northerners. Aim. The purpose of the article is to reveal the age-related features of neurodynamic indicators in 120 adolescent females aged from 12 to 15 years from the indigenous peoples of the Northeast of Russia. Materials and methods. Neurodynamic indicators were determined by the time parameters of sensorimotor reactions with the help of NS-PsychoTest (NeuroSoft, Ivanovo). The dynamics of attention was studied using proofreading method modified by VN Amatuni. Results. The study showed regular ontogenetic changes in strength, mobility and balance of nervous processes, differentiating inhibition, attention properties and short-term visual memory in females. When studying the attention, we observed an increase in the pace of work, improvement of quality and performance with age. The decrease in the functional asymmetry of attention also indicates positive trends in the change of attention as a result of growth and development of females. Conclusion. Native females of the Northeast of Russia aged from 12 to 15 years are characterized by a lower mobility and imbalance in the nervous system compared with the middle latitude values. This should be taken into account when choosing a strategy for the education of northern children in educational institutions.

VOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN SQUIRREL MONKEYS

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Hammerschmidt ◽  
Uwe Jürgens ◽  
Tamara Freudenstein
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Parameter ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Vocal Development ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSix squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were studied for their vocal development over the first 20 months of life, using a multi-parametric acoustic analysis. Four of the animals were normally raised, one animal ('Kaspar Hauser') was deprived of adult species-specific calls, one animal was congenitally deaf. The study showed that in all 12 call types under investigation, age-related changes in one or the other acoustic parameter occurred. The degree to which vocal structures changed, was call type-specific, with some calls showing dramatic changes and others showing only minor changes. Most changes occurred within the first four months; some lasted up to 10 months. All call types showed a high variability throughout the 20 months study period. Only five of the 12 call types showed a reduction in variability over time. Both acoustically deprived animals remained within the variability range of the normally raised animals, suggesting that the ontogenetic changes found were mainly maturational.

scholarly journals Progressive ontogenetic niche shift over the prolonged immaturity period of wandering albatrosses

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 171039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Carravieri ◽  
Henri Weimerskirch ◽  
Paco Bustamante ◽  
Yves Cherel
Keyword(s):  
Central Place ◽  
Niche Shift ◽  
Isotopic Niche ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Diomedea Exulans ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ontogenetic Niche Shift ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Ontogenetic Niche

Very little is known about trophic ontogenetic changes over the prolonged immaturity period of long-lived, wide-ranging seabirds. By using blood and feather trophic tracers (δ 13 C and δ 15 N, and mercury, Hg), we studied age-related changes in feeding ecology during the immature phase of wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans when they gradually change from a pure oceanic life to visits to their future breeding grounds. Immatures fed in subtropical waters at high trophic positions during moult. Between- and within-individual variations in isotopic niche were very high, irrespective of age, highlighting wide-ranging exploratory behaviours. In summer, while acting as central-place foragers from their future breeding colony, individuals progressively relied on lower trophic level prey and/or southern latitudes as they aged, until occupying a similar isotopic niche to that of adults. Immatures had exceptionally high Hg burdens, with males having lower Hg concentrations than females, suggesting that they foraged more in subantarctic waters. Our findings suggest a progressive ontogenetic niche shift during central-place foraging of this long-lived species.

scholarly journals From birth to adulthood: An analysis of the Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) venom at different life stages

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253050
Author(s):  
Daniela Miki Hatakeyama ◽  
Lídia Jorge Tasima ◽  
Nathália da Costa Galizio ◽  
Caroline Serino-Silva ◽  
Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Bothrops Moojeni

The Brazilian lancehead (Bothrops moojeni) has a wide distribution in Brazil and represents a serious public health hazard. Previous works reported that the symptoms of snakebites caused by B. moojeni juveniles’ bites were mainly related to coagulation, while those caused by adults’ bites had a more prominent local damage. In this work, we analyzed the venoms of B. moojeni at different life stages to better understand the ontogeny shift in this species. Snakes were grouped by age and sex, and venom pools were formed accordingly. Compositional analyses by one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE), chromatography, and mass spectrometry revealed that ontogenetic changes might be mostly related to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and metalloproteases. Regarding the venoms functional aspect, proteolytic, L-amino acid oxidase, PLA2, and coagulant in vitro activities were assayed, but only the first and the last ones showed age-related changes, with the venom of snakes up to 1 year-old displaying lower proteolytic and higher coagulant activities, while those from 2 years-old onward presented the opposite relation. The venoms of 3 years-old snakes were exceptions to the compositional and functional pattern of adults as both venoms presented profiles similar to neonates. Sex-related differences were observed in specific groups and were not age-related. In vivo experiments (median lethal dose and hemorrhagic activity) were statistically similar between neonates and adults, however we verified that the adult venom killed mice faster comparing to the neonates. All venoms were mostly recognized by the antibothropic serum and displayed similar profiles to 1-DE in western blotting. In conclusion, the Brazilian lancehead venom showed ontogenetic shift in its composition and activities. Furthermore, this change occurred in snakes from 1 to 2 years-old, and interestingly the venom pools from 3 years-old snakes had particular characteristics, which highlights the importance of comprehensive studies to better understand venom variability.

Spindle shaped bodies in foveolar cones of the baboon retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 960-961
Author(s):  
W. Krebs ◽  
I. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cone Cells ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
Shaped Inclusion

Various inclusion bodies occur in vertebrate retinal photoreceptor cells. Most of them are membrane bound and associated with phagocytosis or they are age related residual bodies. We found an additional inclusion body in foveal cone cells of the baboon (Papio anubis) retina.The eyes of a 15 year old baboon were fixed by immersion in cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde (2%)/formaldehyde (2%) as described in detail elsewhere . Pieces of retina from various locations, including the fovea, were embedded in epoxy resin such that radial or tangential sections could be cut.Spindle shaped inclusion bodies were found in the cytoplasm of only foveal cones. They were abundant in the inner segments, close to the external limiting membrane (Fig. 1). But they also occurred in the outer fibers, the perikarya, and the inner fibers (Henle’s fibers) of the cone cells. The bodies were between 0.5 and 2 μm long. Their central diameter was 0.2 to 0. 3 μm. They always were oriented parallel to the long axis of the cone cells. In longitudinal sections (Figs. 2,3) they seemed to have a fibrous skeleton that, in cross sections, turned out to consist of plate-like (Fig.4) and tubular profiles (Fig. 5).

Autophagy and ageing: implications for age-related neurodegenerative diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Carroll ◽  
Graeme Hewitt ◽  
Viktor I. Korolchuk
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Intracellular Degradation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Cellular Dysfunction ◽  
Autophagy Activity ◽  
Intense Research

Autophagy is a process of lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation that participates in the liberation of resources including amino acids and energy to maintain homoeostasis. Autophagy is particularly important in stress conditions such as nutrient starvation and any perturbation in the ability of the cell to activate or regulate autophagy can lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. An area of intense research interest is the role and indeed the fate of autophagy during cellular and organismal ageing. Age-related disorders are associated with increased cellular stress and assault including DNA damage, reduced energy availability, protein aggregation and accumulation of damaged organelles. A reduction in autophagy activity has been observed in a number of ageing models and its up-regulation via pharmacological and genetic methods can alleviate age-related pathologies. In particular, autophagy induction can enhance clearance of toxic intracellular waste associated with neurodegenerative diseases and has been comprehensively demonstrated to improve lifespan in yeast, worms, flies, rodents and primates. The situation, however, has been complicated by the identification that autophagy up-regulation can also occur during ageing. Indeed, in certain situations, reduced autophagosome induction may actually provide benefits to ageing cells. Future studies will undoubtedly improve our understanding of exactly how the multiple signals that are integrated to control appropriate autophagy activity change during ageing, what affect this has on autophagy and to what extent autophagy contributes to age-associated pathologies. Identification of mechanisms that influence a healthy lifespan is of economic, medical and social importance in our ‘ageing’ world.

Oral and Oropharyngeal Sensory Function in Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 864-872
Author(s):  
Fernanda Borowsky da Rosa ◽  
Adriane Schmidt Pasqualoto ◽  
Catriona M. Steele ◽  
Renata Mancopes
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Copd Patients

Introduction The oral cavity and pharynx have a rich sensory system composed of specialized receptors. The integrity of oropharyngeal sensation is thought to be fundamental for safe and efficient swallowing. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at risk for oropharyngeal sensory impairment due to frequent use of inhaled medications and comorbidities including gastroesophageal reflux disease. Objective This study aimed to describe and compare oral and oropharyngeal sensory function measured using noninstrumental clinical methods in adults with COPD and healthy controls. Method Participants included 27 adults (18 men, nine women) with a diagnosis of COPD and a mean age of 66.56 years ( SD = 8.68). The control group comprised 11 healthy adults (five men, six women) with a mean age of 60.09 years ( SD = 11.57). Spirometry measures confirmed reduced functional expiratory volumes (% predicted) in the COPD patients compared to the control participants. All participants completed a case history interview and underwent clinical evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal sensation by a speech-language pathologist. The sensory evaluation explored the detection of tactile and temperature stimuli delivered by cotton swab to six locations in the oral cavity and two in the oropharynx as well as identification of the taste of stimuli administered in 5-ml boluses to the mouth. Analyses explored the frequencies of accurate responses regarding stimulus location, temperature and taste between groups, and between age groups (“≤ 65 years” and “> 65 years”) within the COPD cohort. Results We found significantly higher frequencies of reported use of inhaled medications ( p < .001) and xerostomia ( p = .003) in the COPD cohort. Oral cavity thermal sensation ( p = .009) was reduced in the COPD participants, and a significant age-related decline in gustatory sensation was found in the COPD group ( p = .018). Conclusion This study found that most of the measures of oral and oropharyngeal sensation remained intact in the COPD group. Oral thermal sensation was impaired in individuals with COPD, and reduced gustatory sensation was observed in the older COPD participants. Possible links between these results and the use of inhaled medication by individuals with COPD are discussed.

Age-Related Differences in Processing Dynamic Information to Identify Vowel Quality

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 892-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Allen Fox ◽  
Lida G. Wall ◽  
Jeanne Gokcen
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Dynamic Information ◽  
Process Dynamic ◽  
Center Condition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Control Version ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Whole Word

This study examined age-related differences in the use of dynamic acoustic information (in the form of formant transitions) to identify vowel quality in CVCs. Two versions of 61 naturally produced, commonly occurring, monosyllabic English words were created: a control version (the unmodified whole word) and a silent-center version (in which approximately 62% of the medial vowel was replaced by silence). A group of normal-hearing young adults (19–25 years old) and older adults (61–75 years old) identified these tokens. The older subjects were found to be significantly worse than the younger subjects at identifying the medial vowel and the initial and final consonants in the silent-center condition. These results support the hypothesis of an age-related decrement in the ability to process dynamic perceptual cues in the perception of vowel quality.

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