scholarly journals Population‐specific effect of Wolbachia on the cost of fungal infection in spider mites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3868-3880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flore Zélé ◽  
Mustafa Altıntaş ◽  
Inês Santos ◽  
Ibrahim Cakmak ◽  
Sara Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Population-specific effect of Wolbachia on the cost of fungal infection in spider mites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flore Zélé ◽  
Mustafa Altintaş ◽  
Inês Santos ◽  
Ibrahim Cakmak ◽  
Sara Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Two Populations

ABSTRACTMany studies have revealed the ability of the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia to protect its arthropod hosts against diverse pathogens. However, as Wolbachia may also increase the susceptibility of its host to infection, predicting the outcome of a particular Wolbachia-host-pathogen interaction remains elusive. Yet, understanding such interactions is crucial for disease and pest control strategies. Tetranychus urticae spider mites are herbivorous crop pests, causing severe damage on numerous economically important crops. Due to the rapid evolution of pesticide resistance, biological control strategies using generalist entomopathogenic are being developed. However, although spider mites are infected with various Wolbachia strains worldwide, whether this endosymbiont protects them from fungi is as yet unknown. Here, we compared the survival of two populations, treated with antibiotics or harbouring different Wolbachia strains, after exposure to the fungal biocontrol agents Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana. In one population, Wolbachia affected survival in absence of fungi but not in their presence, whereas in the other population Wolbachia increased the mortality induced by B. bassiana. To control for potential effects of the bacterial community of spider mites, we also compared the susceptibility of two populations naturally uninfected by Wolbachia, treated with antibiotics or not. The antibiotic treatment increased the susceptibility of spider mites to M. brunneum in one naturally Wolbachia-uninfected population, but it had no effect in the other treatments. These results highlight the complexity of within-host pathogens interactions, and the importance of considering the whole bacterial community of arthropods when assessing the effect of Wolbachia in a particular system.

scholarly journals Analysis of cost of various topical and oral antifungal drugs for superficial fungal infections available in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Spoorthy H. V. ◽  
L. Padma ◽  
Srividya B. P.
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Maximum Cost ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Frequent Relapses ◽  
The Cost

Background: In tropical countries like India, superficial fungal infections are quite common and certain infections like tinea is rampantly spreading in epidemic proportions and frequent relapses after treatment have increased the need for long term therapy significantly increasing the cost of treatment, so the treatment of fungal infection can raise economic burden on the patient. The aim of the study was to analyze the cost variation of topical antifungal drugs and oral antifungal drugs of various brands for superficial fungal infection available in India.Methods: Cost in Indian Rupees (INR) of antifungal agents manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies in India was collected from the Current index of medical specialities (CIMS) October to December 2019. Minimum cost, maximum cost, cost ratio, cost variation was calculated.Results: In oral dosage form, fluconazole, Itraconazole show the maximum cost variation. In topical single drug therapy luliconazole, terbinafine show maximum cost variation.Conclusions: There is wide cost variation among antifungal agents available in Indian Market. There is need of strict actions for cost policy regulation and sensitization of doctor for selection of appropriate brand drugs. 

scholarly journals Pre-Transplant Consolidation and Cost Effectiveness of RIC Allogeneic SCT in Patients of AML-CR1 in India

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 2462-2462
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Ganapule ◽  
Shashikant Apte ◽  
Navin Khattry ◽  
Reetu Ashish Jain ◽  
Joseph M John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Acute Gvhd ◽  
P Value ◽  
Consolidation Therapy ◽  
Consolidation Chemotherapy ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cmv Reactivation

Abstract Management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in India remains a challenge. A major constraint is the cost of therapy. In a predominantly self paying system the majority of patients will not have the resources to manage a subsequent relapse. Hence, the choice of consolidation therapy has to be carefully considered to balance cost and efficacy. An allogeneic SCT (alloSCT) with a reduced intensity conditioning regimen (RIC) in first remission (CR1) is an attractive option to fulfill these requirements of relatively low cost without compromising efficacy. The need for consolidation chemotherapy prior to offering a RIC alloSCT for AML CR1 remains controversial. To evaluate these aspects we undertook a retrospective analysis of patients with AML CR1 who received a RIC alloSCT from multiple centers in India. Conventional criteria were used for definition of conditioning regimens to be considered RIC (CIBMTR). Data from 8 centers in India was collected between 2005 and 2013. A total of 138 patients fulfilled the criteria of AML CR1 having received an alloSCT with a RIC regimen. The median age was 34 years (range: 2 – 63) and 60% were males. The median time from diagnosis of AML to transplant was 99 days (range: 41 – 504). 123 (89%) were HLA matched related donors, 3 (2.1%) were MUD transplants and the rest were HLA mismatched related donors. The majority by cytogenetics (n=115) were intermediate risk (76%) followed by high risk (23%). 70 (51%) received chemotherapy consolidation prior to transplant, 61 (44%) did not and data was not available in 7 (5%). 68% of those that received consolidation received intermediate or low dose cytosine based regimens. 129 (94%) were CMV serology positive pre-transplant. Fludarabine with melphalan (140mg/m2) (128{93%}) was the most commonly used regimen and cyclosporine with short course low dose methotrexate (126{91%}) the most commonly used GVHD prophylaxis regime. All patients received a PBSC graft with a median CD34 cell dose of 9.1x106/kg (range: 1.3 – 43). With the exception of one, all patients engrafted. The median time to ANC >500/mm3 was 13 days (range: 7 – 22) and platelet count of >20,000/mm3 was 15 days (range: 0-33). Of those that engrafted, 97% achieved complete chimerism at one month post transplant (data not available in 4). Post transplant CMV reactivation was seen in 32% and a fungal infection (possible, probable or definitive) in 13%. Acute GVHD Grade 2-4 was seen in 29% and of patients evaluated 62% had chronic GVHD, the majority of these being limited (61%). The 100 day treatment related mortality (TRM) was 7.5% and the one year TRM was 25.6%. At a median follow up of 24 months the 5 year EFS and OS was 64.0±5.07 (Figure 1A) and 71.1±4.0 respectively. The 5 year cumulative incidence of relapse was 21.8% (Figure 1A). The baseline characteristics as mentioned above were not significantly different between the group that received consolidation and the group that did not. The use of consolidation therapy prior to alloSCT did not have a significant impact on EFS or OS (Figure 1B). On univariate analysis the factors that adversely impacted EFS were mismatched non sibling family donor (RR 8.1; P-value 0.001), CMV reactivation (RR 2.6; P-value 0.001), fungal infection post transplant (RR 6.8; P-value 0.000) and acute GVHD (RR 2.1; P-value 0.02). On a forward stepwise multivariate analysis adjusting for these and other conventional risk factors only CMV reactivation (RR 2.0; 95% CI 1.03-3.87; P-value 0.042) and fungal infection (RR 7.1; 95%CI 3.154-16.12; P-value 0.000) retained their adverse impact. There was no correlation between CMV reactivation and relapse of disease post transplant. The mean costs of induction chemotherapy for these patients was US$ 9239±3596 (n=74), for consolidation chemotherapy it was 5007±3490 (n=21) and for alloSCT it was 18138±13826 (n=118; costing up to 1 year post transplant). Induction chemotherapy followed by HLA matched RIC alloSCT is likely to be a cost effective and affordable treatment option for young adults with AML in CR1in an Indian context. With an average gross net income in India of US$3500/year (http://indiabudget.nic.in) the limitation still remains the cost of treatment and number of centers that can offer this therapy. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Srivastava: Octapharma: Consultancy, Other. Off Label Use: Bortezomib in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Challenges and Real World Data from India

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 3685-3685
Author(s):  
Chepsy C Philip ◽  
Biju Geoge ◽  
Abhijeet Ganapule ◽  
Kavitha M Lakshmi ◽  
Fouzia N Abubacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Induction Chemotherapy ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Npm1 Mutation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract Management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in India remains a challenge. With a human development index rank of 134, a per capita gross net income of US$3500 and a government expenditure of only 1.2% of GDP allocated for health (http://indiabudget.nic.in) a major constraint to treatment of AML remains the cost of therapy. In the majority (>80%), in the absence of a universal and comprehensive health insurance, most payments are out of pocket (Karan et al. Health Policy and Planning 2008). We undertook a two year prospective study to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with a diagnosis of AML (AML-M3 excluded) referred to our tertiary care center. The study was conducted from July 2012 till June 2014 and was approved by the institutional ethics committee. In addition to standard of care diagnostic tests and therapy a detailed questionnaire was administered to patients at diagnosis and on follow up. A total of 427 patients were diagnosed with AML during this period. Of these 380 (89%) were newly diagnosed. Of the newly diagnosed 47 (12.3%) were ≤ 15 years and 62 (16.3%) were ≥ 60 years old. The age distribution of newly diagnosed cases is illustrated in Figure 1A. The median age of newly diagnosed patients was 40 years (range: 1-79) and there were 244 (64.2%) males. The median duration of symptoms prior to first presentation at our hospital was 4 weeks (range: 1-52). ECOG performance score at presentation was ≤ 2 in 94.7%. Cytogenetic data was available in 281 and of these 33 (11.7%), 197 (70.1%) and 51 (18.2%) were in the good, intermediate and adverse risk groups respectively. FLT3 and NPM1 mutation status was available in 143 and of these 22 (15.8%) and 5 (3.4%) were FLT3-/NPM+ and FLT3+/NPM- respectively. The median distance from home to hospital was 580km (range: 6-3200) and 27 patients were from another country. 348 (91.6%) patients were self paying with all expenses being out of pocket (data was not available in 7). Of the newly diagnosed patients only 109 (28.7%) opted for standard of care and were admitted for induction chemotherapy (Figure 1B). The comparison of the 109 that took treatment and the 271 (71.3%) that did not revealed that these two groups were comparable for the above baseline characteristics with the following exceptions; those that did not take treatment resided significantly further away from the hospital, had significantly longer duration of symptoms prior to reaching our hospital and were significantly less likely to be ≤15 years. Of the 271 that did not take treatment the major reason was lack of financial support in 219 (80.8%), lack of social support in 46 (17.6%) and a combination of denial, choice of alternative medicines, apathy and fatalistic attitude in 39 (14.9%). 220 (81%) of those that did not receive treatment were ≤ 60 years old. Induction chemotherapy consisted of standard induction as in the BFM98 protocol for patients ≤15 years, conventional 7/3 in adults and hypomethylating agents in older patients or in young adults with significant co morbidities at the discretion of the treating physician (n=12(11%) and of these 6 were ≥60 years). Following induction chemotherapy 100% developed febrile neutropenia. Blood cultures detected an organism in 71 (65%) on at least one occasion and the organism was a Gram negative bacilli (GNB) in 45 (42%), Gram positive in 18 (16%) and mixed/ alternate infection in 8 (7%). Of the GNB 19 (42%) were carbapenem resistance organisms (CRO) (Figure 1C). 30 (27.5%) had a fungal infection in induction which was proven (EORTC/MSG criteria) in 4 (Figure 1D). There were 27 (24.7%) inductions deaths and of these 18 (67%) were due to sepsis related to GNB of which in 12(67%) the organism was a CRO. Among the patients that had an induction death in 12 (52%) there was evidence of a fungal infection which was proven in one case. The overall survival at one year was 70.4%±10.7%, 55.6%±6.8% and 42.4%±15.6% in patients ≤ 15 years, >15to <60 years and in ≥ 60 years age groups respectively. In conclusion there are significant challenges in the management of AML in India. The major reason for not proceeding with treatment is the absence of financial resources. Induction deaths are related to a high incidence of multi-drug resistant organisms and fungal infections. The biggest constraint is the cost of the treatment and the absence of a health security net to treat all patients with this diagnosis. Disclosures Srivastava: Octapharma: Consultancy, Other.

scholarly journals Mycophenolate mofetil increases susceptibility to opportunistic fungal infection independent of lymphocytes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory H. Gibson ◽  
Robert J Evans ◽  
Richard Hotham ◽  
Aleksandra Bojarczuk ◽  
Amy Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycophenolate Mofetil ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agents ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Treatment Regimens

AbstractAnti-proliferative agents that target lymphoid cells are common immunosuppressive agents used in the treatment of diverse autoimmune, graft versus host and inflammatory diseases. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an anti-proliferative agent that targets lymphoid dependence on inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase for the de novo purine synthesis of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) for DNA replication. Here we show that MMF has a distinct and specific in vivo effect on macrophages, in the absence of lymphoid cells. This results in increased macrophage cell death that is dependent on the depletion of cellular GTP, independent of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, the macrophage specific effect of MMF treatment causes an increase in susceptibility to the opportunistic fungal infection Cryptococcus neoformans by reducing phagocytosis and increasing the release of intracellular pathogens via macrophage lysis. Our study demonstrates the need for a better mechanistic understanding of immunosuppressive treatments used in clinical practice and of the specific infection risks associated with certain treatment regimens.

scholarly journals Oviposition-site shift in phytophagous mites reflects a trade-off between predator avoidance and rainstorm resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 20200669
Author(s):  
Serena Okada ◽  
Shuichi Yano
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Tetranychus Kanzawai ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Antipredator Defence

Predators can reduce prey population densities by driving them to undertake costly defences. Here, we report on a remarkable example of induced antipredator defence in spider mites that enhances the risk to rainstorms. Spider mites live on the undersides of host plant leaves and usually oviposit on the leaf undersurface. When they are threatened by predatory mites, they oviposit on three-dimensional webs to avoid egg predation, although the cost of ovipositing on webs has not yet been clearly determined. We prepared bean plants harbouring spider mite ( Tetranychus kanzawai ) eggs on either leaf surfaces or webs and exposed them to rainstorms outdoors. We found that fewer eggs remained on webs than on leaf surfaces. We then examined the synergistic effect of wind and rain by simulating both in the laboratory. We conclude that ovipositing on webs comes at a cost, as eggs are washed off the host plants by wind and rain. This may explain why spider mite populations decrease drastically in the rainy season, although they inhibit leaf undersides where they are not directly exposed to rainfall.

scholarly journals Independent contributions of noradrenaline to behavioural flexibility and motivation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Jahn ◽  
Sophie Gilardeau ◽  
Chiara Varazzani ◽  
Bastien Blain ◽  
Jerome Sallet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Noradrenergic System ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Noradrenaline Levels

AbstractAmong neuromodulatory systems, the noradrenergic system remains one of the least understood. Several theories have pointed out its implication in behavioural flexibility and more recently in motivation, with a strong role in effort processing. Here, we designed a sequential cost/benefit decision task to test the causal role of noradrenaline in these two functions. We manipulated noradrenaline using clonidine, an alpha-2 noradrenergic receptor agonist, which reduces central noradrenaline levels. Clonidine had two distinct effects: it decreased choice volatility (without affecting the cost/benefit trade off) and reduced force production. Because the effects were independent, they cannot be accounted for by a non-specific effect on arousal. Altogether, these results support the global implication of noradrenaline in facing challenging situations in two complementary ways: by modulating behavioural volatility, which would facilitate adaptation depending on the lability of the environment, and by modulating the mobilization of resources to face immediate challenges.

scholarly journals Profitability of Small Scale Broiler Production in Some Selected Areas of Mymensingh

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
KMAAM Rana ◽  
MS Rahman ◽  
MN Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
The Cost

This study aimed to determine the cost, return, and profitability of broiler production in some selected areas of Mymensingh district. It was mainly based on primary data which were collected through face to face interview from the respondents of broiler production during the month of December, 2011. Selected samples consisted of 30 broiler farm owners selected by using purposive sampling technique. For the analysis of data, tabular and production function techniques were used. This study estimated the average cost of raising broiler to be Tk. 8,35,910.65 per farm per year. It was found that the variable cost per farm per year stood at Tk. 8,23,735.93 which accounted for 98.54 percent of total cost. The total fixed cost per farm per year accounted to Tk. 14,041.66. It is evident from the study that the gross return per farm per year stood at Tk. 10,78,022.39. The net return per farm per year was calculated at Tk. 2,42,111.47. The findings revealed that broiler production was a profitable enterprise. Cobb-Douglas production function was also applied to explore the specific effect of the factors on broiler production. It was observed that most of the included variables had significant impact on broiler production. Out of six variables included in the regression, four variables (i.e., feed cost, cost of day-old chick, labour cost and litter cost) had significant positive impact on return. This study also identified some problems in the production of broiler in the study area. Finally, based on the findings of the study, some recommendations were made for the development of broiler production in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16568Progress. Agric. 23(1 & 2): 101 – 109, 2012

The Effect of Vitamin A on the Intermittent Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Exposure in Hamsters

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
J.C.S. Kim ◽  
M.G. Jourden ◽  
E.S. Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Intermittent Exposure ◽  
Hypovitaminosis A ◽  
Gas Exposure

Chronic exposure to nitrogen dioxide in rodents has shown that injury reaches a maximum after 24 hours, and a reparative adaptive phase follows (1). Damage occurring in the terminal bronchioles and proximal portions of the alveolar ducts in rats has been extensively studied by both light and electron microscopy (1).The present study was undertaken to compare the response of lung tissue to intermittent exposure to 10 ppm of nitrogen dioxide gas for 4 hours per week, while the hamsters were on a vitamin A deficient diet. Ultrastructural observations made from lung tissues obtained from non-gas exposed, hypovitaminosis A animals and gas exposed animals fed a regular commercially prepared diet have been compared to elucidate the specific effect of vitamin A on nitrogen dioxide gas exposure. The interaction occurring between vitamin A and nitrogen dioxide gas has not previously been investigated.

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