scholarly journals Ventral tail bud mesenchyme is a signaling center for tail paraxial mesoderm induction

2004 ◽  
Vol 229 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunqiao Liu ◽  
Vladimir Knezevic ◽  
Susan Mackem
Keyword(s):  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Signaling Center

scholarly journals Epha1 is a cell surface marker for neuromesodermal progenitors and their early mesoderm derivatives

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa de Lemos ◽  
André Dias ◽  
Ana Nóvoa ◽  
Moisés Mallo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Surface Marker ◽  
Cell Surface Marker ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Molecular Signature ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Molecular Fingerprint ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cell Subpopulations

ABSTRACTThe vertebrate body is built during embryonic development by the sequential addition of new tissue as the embryo grows at its caudal end. During this process, the neuro-mesodermal progenitors (NMPs) generate the postcranial neural tube and paraxial mesoderm. Recently, several approaches have been designed to determine their molecular fingerprint but a simple method to isolate NMPs from embryos without the need for transgenic markers is still missing. We isolated NMPs using a genetic strategy that exploits their self-renew properties, and searched their transcriptome for cell surface markers. We found a distinct Epha1 expression profile in progenitor-containing areas of the mouse embryo, consisting of two cell subpopulations with different Epha1 expression levels. We show that Sox2+/T+ cells are preferentially associated with the Epha1 compartment, indicating that NMPs might be contained within this cell pool. Transcriptional profiling showed enrichment of high Epha1-expressing cells in known NMP and early mesoderm markers. Also, tail bud cells with lower Epha1 levels contained a molecular signature suggesting the presence of notochord progenitors. Our results thus indicate that Epha1 could represent a valuable cell surface marker for different subsets of axial progenitors, most particularly for NMPs taking mesodermal fates.

The somitogenetic potential of cells in the primitive streak and the tail bud of the organogenesis-stage mouse embryo

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.P. Tam ◽  
S.S. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Matrix Interaction ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Lateral Mesoderm ◽  
Host Embryo

The developmental potency of cells isolated from the primitive streak and the tail bud of 8.5- to 13.5-day-old mouse embryos was examined by analyzing the pattern of tissue colonization after transplanting these cells to the primitive streak of 8.5-day embryos. Cells derived from these progenitor tissues contributed predominantly to tissues of the paraxial and lateral mesoderm. Cells isolated from older embryos could alter their segmental fate and participated in the formation of anterior somites after transplantation to the primitive streak of 8.5-day host embryo. There was, however, a developmental lag in the recruitment of the transplanted cells to the paraxial mesoderm and this lag increased with the extent of mismatch of developmental ages between donor and host embryos. It is postulated that certain forms of cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction are involved in the specification of segmental units and that there may be age-related variations in the interactive capability of the somitic progenitor cells during development. Tail bud mesenchyme isolated from 13.5-day embryos, in which somite formation will shortly cease, was still capable of somite formation after transplantation to 8.5-day embryos. The cessation of somite formation is therefore likely to result from a change in the tissue environment in the tail bud rather than a loss of cellular somitogenetic potency.

scholarly journals Lineage tracing axial progenitors using Nkx1.2CreERT2 mice defines their trunk and tail contributions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Rodrigo Albors ◽  
Pamela A. Halley ◽  
Kate G. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Mouse Line ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Line ◽  
Continuous Generation ◽  
Axis Elongation

AbstractThe vertebrate body forms by continuous generation of new tissue from progenitors at the posterior end of the embryo. In mice, these axial progenitors initially reside in the epiblast, from where they form the trunk; and later relocate to the chordo-neural hinge of the tail bud to form the tail. Among them, a small group of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) are thought to generate the spinal cord and paraxial mesoderm to the end of axis elongation. The study of these progenitors, however, has proven challenging in vivo due to their small numbers and dynamic nature, and the lack of a unique molecular marker to identify them. Here, we report the generation of the Nkx1.2CreERT2 transgenic mouse line in which the endogenous Nkx1.2 promoter drives tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 recombinase. We show that Nkx1.2CreERT2 targets axial progenitors, including NMPs and early neural and mesodermal progenitors. Using a YFP reporter, we demonstrate that Nkx1.2-expressing epiblast cells contribute to all three germ layers, mostly neuroectoderm and mesoderm excluding notochord; and continue contributing neural and paraxial mesoderm tissues from the tail bud. This study identifies the Nkx1.2-expressing cell population as the source of most trunk and tail tissues in the mouse; and provides a key tool to genetically label and manipulate this progenitor population in vivo.

scholarly journals Warburg-like metabolism coordinates FGF and Wnt signaling in the vertebrate embryo

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Oginuma ◽  
Philippe Moncuquet ◽  
Fengzhu Xiong ◽  
Edward Karoly ◽  
Jérome Chal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Glycolysis ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Fgf Signaling ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Mammalian embryos transiently exhibit aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), a metabolic adaptation also observed in cancer cells. The role of this particular type of metabolism during vertebrate organogenesis is currently unknown. Here, we provide evidence for spatio-temporal regulation of aerobic glycolysis in the posterior region of mouse and chicken embryos. We show that a posterior glycolytic gradient is established in response to graded transcription of glycolytic enzymes downstream of FGF signaling. We demonstrate that glycolysis controls posterior elongation of the embryonic axis by regulating cell motility in the presomitic mesoderm and by controlling specification of the paraxial mesoderm fate in the tail bud. Our results suggest that Warburg metabolism in the tail bud coordinates Wnt and FGF signaling to promote elongation of the embryonic axis.

scholarly journals Cdx1andCdx2have overlapping functions in anteroposterior patterning and posterior axis elongation

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (9) ◽  
pp. 2181-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric van den Akker ◽  
Sylvie Forlani ◽  
Kallayanee Chawengsaksophak ◽  
Wim de Graaff ◽  
Felix Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Thoracic Vertebrae ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Anteroposterior Patterning ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Axis Elongation ◽  
Posterior Shift

Mouse Cdx and Hox genes presumably evolved from genes on a common ancestor cluster involved in anteroposterior patterning. Drosophila caudal (cad) is involved in specifying the posterior end of the early embryo, and is essential for patterning tissues derived from the most caudal segment, the analia. Two of the three mouse Cdx paralogues, Cdx 1 and Cdx2, are expressed early in a Hox-like manner in the three germ layers. In the nascent paraxial mesoderm, both genes are expressed in cells contributing first to the most rostral, and then to progressively more caudal parts of the vertebral column. Later, expression regresses from the anterior sclerotomes, and is only maintained for Cdx1 in the dorsal part of the somites, and for both genes in the tail bud. Cdx1 null mutants show anterior homeosis of upper cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Cdx2-null embryos die before gastrulation, and Cdx2 heterozygotes display anterior transformations of lower cervical and thoracic vertebrae. We have analysed the genetic interactions between Cdx1 and Cdx2 in compound mutants. Combining mutant alleles for both genes gives rise to anterior homeotic transformations along a more extensive length of the vertebral column than do single mutations. The most severely affected Cdx1 null/Cdx2 heterozygous mice display a posterior shift of their cranio-cervical, cervico-thoracic, thoraco-lumbar, lumbo-sacral and sacro-caudal transitions. The effects of the mutations in Cdx1 and Cdx2 were co-operative in severity, and a more extensive posterior shift of the expression of three Hox genes was observed in double mutants. The alteration in Hox expression boundaries occurred early. We conclude that both Cdx genes cooperate at early stages in instructing the vertebral progenitors all along the axis, at least in part by setting the rostral expression boundaries of Hox genes. In addition, Cdx mutants transiently exhibit alterations in the extent of Hox expression domains in the spinal cord, reminding of the strong effects of overexpressing Cdx genes on Hox gene expression in the neurectoderm. Phenotypical alterations in the peripheral nervous system were observed at mid-gestation stages. Strikingly, the altered phenotype at caudal levels included a posterior truncation of the tail, mildly affecting Cdx2 heterozygotes, but more severely affecting Cdx1/Cdx2 double heterozygotes and Cdx1 null/Cdx2 heterozygotes. Mutations in Cdx1 and Cdx2 therefore also interfere with axis elongation in a cooperative way. The function of Cdx genes in morphogenetic processes during gastrulation and tail bud extension, and their relationship with the Hox genes are discussed in the light of available data in Amphioxus, C. elegans, Drosophila and mice.

Somitomeres: mesodermal segments of vertebrate embryos

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antone G. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Snapping Turtle ◽  
Vertebrate Embryos ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron

Well before the somites form, the paraxial mesoderm of vertebrate embryos is segmented into somitomeres. When newly formed, somitomeres are patterned arrays of mesenchymal cells, arranged into squat, bilaminar discs. The dorsal and ventral faces of these discs are composed of concentric rings of cells. Somitomeres are formed along the length of the embryo during gastrulation, and in the segmental plate and tail bud at later stages. They form in strict cranial to caudal order. They appear in bilateral pairs, just lateral to Hensen's node in the chick embryo. When the nervous system begins to form, the brain parts and neuromeres are in a consistent relationship to the somitomeres. Somitomeres first appear in the head, and the cranial somitomeres do not become somites, but disperse to contribute to the head the same cell types contributed by somites in the trunk region. In the trunk and tail, somitomeres gradually condense and epithelialize to become somites. Models of vertebrate segmentation must now take into account the early presence of these new morphological units, the somitomeres. Somitomeres were discovered in the head of the chick embryo (Meier, 1979), with the use of stereo scanning electron microscopy. The old question of whether the heads of the craniates are segmented is now settled, at least for the paraxial mesoderm. Somitomeres have now been identified in the embryos of a chick, quail, mouse, snapping turtle, newt, anuran (Xenopus) and a teleost (the medaka). In all forms studied, the first pair of somitomeres abut the prosencephalon but caudal to that, for each tandem pair of somitomeres in the amniote and teleost, there is but one somitomere in the amphibia. The mesodermal segments of the shark embryo are arranged like those of the amphibia.

Defining subregions of Hensen's node essential for caudalward movement, midline development and cell survival

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (21) ◽  
pp. 4771-4783 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Charrier ◽  
M.A. Teillet ◽  
F. Lapointe ◽  
N.M. Le Douarin
Keyword(s):  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Floor Plate ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
T Box ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Midline Development

Hensen's node, also called the chordoneural hinge in the tail bud, is a group of cells that constitutes the organizer of the avian embryo and that expresses the gene HNF-3(β). During gastrulation and neurulation, it undergoes a rostral-to-caudal movement as the embryo elongates. Labeling of Hensen's node by the quail-chick chimera system has shown that, while moving caudally, Hensen's node leaves in its wake not only the notochord but also the floor plate and a longitudinal strand of dorsal endodermal cells. In this work, we demonstrate that the node can be divided into functionally distinct subregions. Caudalward migration of the node depends on the presence of the most posterior region, which is closely apposed to the anterior portion of the primitive streak as defined by expression of the T-box gene Ch-Tbx6L. We call this region the axial-paraxial hinge because it corresponds to the junction of the presumptive midline axial structures (notochord and floor plate) and the paraxial mesoderm. We propose that the axial-paraxial hinge is the equivalent of the neuroenteric canal of other vertebrates such as Xenopus. Blocking the caudal movement of Hensen's node at the 5- to 6-somite stage by removing the axial-paraxial hinge deprives the embryo of midline structures caudal to the brachial level, but does not prevent formation of the neural tube and mesoderm located posteriorly. However, the whole embryonic region generated posterior to the level of Hensen's node arrest undergoes widespread apoptosis within the next 24 hours. Hensen's node-derived structures (notochord and floor plate) thus appear to produce maintenance factor(s) that ensures the survival and further development of adjacent tissues.

scholarly journals A TALE/HOX code unlocks WNT signalling response towards paraxial mesoderm

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Mariani ◽  
Xiaogang Guo ◽  
Niels Alvaro Menezes ◽  
Anna Maria Drozd ◽  
Selgin Deniz Çakal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Wnt Signalling ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Mesoderm Induction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transcriptional Program ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Hox Code ◽  
Lineage Specific Genes

AbstractOne fundamental yet unresolved question in biology remains how cells interpret the same signalling cues in a context-dependent manner resulting in lineage specification. A key step for decoding signalling cues is the establishment of a permissive chromatin environment at lineage-specific genes triggering transcriptional responses to inductive signals. For instance, bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) are equipped with a WNT-decoding module, which relies on TCFs/LEF activity to sustain both NMP expansion and paraxial mesoderm differentiation. However, how WNT signalling activates lineage specific genes in a temporal manner remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that paraxial mesoderm induction relies on the TALE/HOX combinatorial activity that simultaneously represses NMP genes and activates the differentiation program. We identify the BRACHYURY-TALE/HOX code that destabilizes the nucleosomes at WNT-responsive regions and establishes the permissive chromatin landscape for de novo recruitment of the WNT-effector LEF1, unlocking the WNT-mediated transcriptional program that drives NMPs towards the paraxial mesodermal fate.

Somitogenesis in amphibia

Development ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-267
Author(s):  
Tom Elsdale ◽  
Murray Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Refractory Period ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Temperature Shock ◽  
Sensitive Periods ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Specific Length

A somite pre-pattern is established shortly before visible segmentation. The pre-pattern results from the interaction of two components: a wave of cell behavioural change that passes along the axis, and, an underlying co-ordination of the cells that is the basis for their association into large somite-sized groupings. The evidence is derived from studies of the zones of abnormal segmentation that follow temperature shocks delivered between the neurula and tail-bud stages (Pearson & Elsdale, 1979). Temperature shock given earlier at the mid-gastrula stage is however ineffective in inducingabnormalities in somitogenesis. Shocks given before the mid-gastrula stage reveala prior period of sensitivity stretching back into the blastula. Thus early and late sensitive periods can be defined separated by a short refactory period. Quite different patterns in the distribution of somite abnormalities characterize the results of shock during the two sensitive periods, suggesting different aetiologies. It is concluded that the wave of rapid cell change is set up early in embryogenesis during theblastula stage, and each cell of the prospective paraxial mesoderm carries a determination to change after a specific length of time, i.e. a countdown is set in each cell. As a result of the movements of gastrulation, the prospective paraxial mesoderm cells become laid out along the axis of the neurula in the order (antero-posterior sequence) in which they will change. The achievement of the correct redistribution of the cells depends crucially on the conservation of the sequence in the blastula by the maintenanceof topological integrity throughout gastrulation. It is suggested that early shock disturbs gastrulation movements, causing some mixing up of the cells resulting in incoherenceof the wavefront. Whereas early shocks are thus assumed to affect the wave, the evidencesuggests that late shock undoes co-ordination. It is concluded therefore that co-ordination is established later, after the refractory period, around the late gastrula stage.

Structure of the zebrafish snail1 gene and its expression in wild-type, spadetail and no tail mutant embryos

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1203-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thisse ◽  
B. Thisse ◽  
T.F. Schilling ◽  
J.H. Postlethwait
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
No Tail ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Snail Gene ◽  
Similar Gene ◽  
In Cells

Mesoderm formation is critical for the establishment of the animal body plan and in Drosophila requires the snail gene. This report concerns the cloning and expression pattern of the structurally similar gene snail1 from zebrafish. In situ hybridization shows that the quantity of snail1 RNA increases at the margin of the blastoderm in cells that involute during gastrulation. As gastrulation begins, snail1 RNA disappears from the dorsal axial mesoderm and becomes restricted to the paraxial mesoderm and the tail bud. snail1 RNA increases in cells that define the posterior border of each somite and then disappears when somitic cells differentiate. Later in development, expression appears in cephalic neural crest derivatives. Many snail1-expressing cells were missing from mutant spadetail embryos and the quantity of snail1 RNA was greatly reduced in mutant no tail embryos. The work presented here suggests that snail1 is involved in morphogenetic events during gastrulation, somitogenesis and development of the cephalic neural crest, and that no tail may act as a positive regulator of snail1.

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