Response to a conditioned aversive event in mice as a function of frequency of premating maternal shock

1973 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lowell T. Anderson ◽  
Robert H. Ressler
Keyword(s):  
Aversive Event

Noncontingent Nonreinforcement of a Response as the Aversive Event in a Cer Paradigm

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1196-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Calef ◽  
Richard A. Kaufman ◽  
Ronald N. Bone ◽  
Steven A. Werk
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Aversive Event ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Response Facilitation ◽  
Early Training ◽  
Low Rate

The present experiment investigated the effects of noncontingent nonreinforcement as the aversive event in a CER paradigm. The results showed a significant response-facilitation effect during early training, but none during later training with a high rate-producing, high-density reinforcement schedule. The present results imply that a low rate-producing, high-density reinforcement schedule is not a necessary condition for response facilitation.

scholarly journals The role of trait anxiety in associative learning during and after an aversive event

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Ilse ◽  
Virginia Prameswari ◽  
Evelyn Kahl ◽  
Markus Fendt
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Aversive Event

scholarly journals Contextual exploration previous to an aversive event predicts long-term emotional consequences of severe stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E. N. Girardi ◽  
Paula A. Tiba ◽  
Gisela B. Llobet ◽  
Raquel Levin ◽  
Vanessa C. Abilio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aversive Event ◽  
Severe Stress

Contingency between a response and an aversive event in the rat.

1970 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell M. Church ◽  
Carol L. Wooten ◽  
T. James Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Aversive Event

scholarly journals Different forms of fear extinction are supported by distinct cortical substrates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda P. P. Lay ◽  
Audrey Pitaru ◽  
Nathan Boulianne ◽  
Guillem R. Esber ◽  
Mihaela D. Iordanova
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Aversive Event ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Fear Reduction ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Learned Fear ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Made In

Understanding how learned fear can be reduced is at the heart of treatments for anxiety disorders. Tremendous progress has been made in this regard through extinction training in which an expected aversive outcome is omitted. However, current progress almost entirely rests on this single paradigm, resulting in a very specialized knowledgebase at the behavioural and neural level of analysis. Here, we used a paradigm-independent approach to show that different methods that lead to reduction in learned fear are dissociated in the cortex. We report that the infralimbic cortex has a very specific role in fear reduction that depends on the omission of aversive events but not on overexpectation. The orbitofrontal cortex, a structure generally overlooked in fear, is critical for downregulating fear when fear is inflated or overexpected, but not when an aversive event is omitted.

scholarly journals Decrement in distress to an aversive event during a conditioned positive opponent-process

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D. LaBarbera ◽  
William F. Caul
Keyword(s):  
Aversive Event ◽  
Opponent Process

Assessing and Treating Anxiety in Individuals with Autism

2021 ◽  
pp. 014544552110516
Author(s):  
Keira Moore ◽  
Amanda Bullard ◽  
Gemma Sweetman ◽  
William H. Ahearn
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Aversive Event ◽  
Stimulus Fading ◽  
Alternative Responses ◽  
Anxious Behavior ◽  
High Comorbidity

Anxiety is a cluster of responses that can involve both operant and respondent behavior, which can be both public and/or private in nature, and occurs when an upcoming aversive stimulus is signaled. Despite the reported high comorbidity of autism and anxiety, there has been very limited research on how to directly assess and treat anxiety, especially with individuals who have limited communication skills. In Study 1, anxiety was assessed in five individuals with autism, ranging in age from 10 to 19 years old. Anxiety was assessed by measuring behavior during (1) a baseline (with no putative anxiety-provoking stimuli present), (2) signals for an upcoming aversive event, and (3) exposure to that aversive event. Anxiety presented in several different ways, as both conditioned activation and suppression, and both with and without problem behavior during the aversive event. In Study 2, individualized treatments involving differential reinforcement of alternative responses and stimulus fading were used to successfully reduce anxious responding in all four participants who displayed anxiety. These studies demonstrated a potentially useful means of assessing anxiety in individuals with autism which may not only help to measure anxious behavior and identify anxiety-provoking events, but may also lead to effective treatment.

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