Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Disease: An Emerging Virus Disease on Cotton in the U.S.

Crops & Soils ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeep Bag ◽  
Phillip M. Roberts ◽  
Robert C. Kemerait
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Dwarf Disease ◽  
The U.S

Influenza – A Model of an Emerging Virus Disease

Intervirology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Webster ◽  
Steve M. Wright ◽  
Maria R. Castrucci ◽  
William J. Bean ◽  
Yoshihiro Kawaoka
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Emerging Virus

scholarly journals Essential Medications for Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Ebola Virus Disease in Resource-Limited Environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 182 (9-10) ◽  
pp. e2006-e2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Pierce ◽  
Selena D. Ready ◽  
John Tyson Chapman ◽  
Corrinne Kulick ◽  
Anastasia Shields ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Ebola Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Pharmacy Dispensing Data ◽  
Dispensing Data ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Background: In 2014, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Commissioned Corps deployed to Monrovia, Liberia, to operate a 25-bed Ebola treatment unit (ETU) constructed by the U.S. Military. The ETU was named the Monrovia Medical Unit (MMU) and was constructed from an U.S. Air Force Expeditionary Medical Support (EMEDS) unit with modifications on the basis of consultation from Médecins Sans Frontières, the World Health Organization, and expert panels from the U.S. Department of Defense and Department of Health and Human Services. From November 12, 2014, to April 30, 2015, 42 patients (18 confirmed Ebola virus disease [EVD] and 24 suspected EVD) from nine countries were treated by USPHS providers at the MMU. The medications used in the MMU were primarily procured from the EMEDS 25-bed pharmacy cache. However, specific formulary additions were made for treatment of EVD. Methods: Using the MMU pharmacy dispensing data, we compared and contrasted the medications used in the MMU with recommendations in published EVD treatment guidelines for austere settings. Findings: After comparing and contrasting the MMU pharmacy dispensing data with publications with EVD medication recommendations applicable to resource-limited settings, 101 medications were included in the USPHS Essential Medications for the Management of EVD List (EML) for an austere, isolated clinical environment. Discussion/impact/recommendations: Because Ebola outbreaks often occur in remote areas, proactive planning, improved preparedness, and optimal patient care for EVD are needed, especially in the context of austere environments with a scarcity of resources. We developed the EML to assist in the planning for future Ebola outbreaks in a remote clinical environment and to provide a list of medications that have been used in an ETU. The EML is a comprehensive medication list that builds on the existing publications with EVD treatment recommendations applicable to supply-constrained clinical environments. As well, it is a resource for the provision of medications when evaluating donations, procurement, and may help inform estimates for product inventory requirements for an ETU. We hope the EML will improve readiness and enhance the capabilities of local and regional international responders.

scholarly journals Identification of novel QTL contributing to barley yellow mosaic resistance in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Pan ◽  
Juan Zhu ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
Mengna Zhang ◽  
Chao Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Wild Barley ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Mild Mosaic Virus ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Virus Strains

Abstract Background Barley yellow mosaic disease (BYMD) caused by Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) seriously threatens the production of winter barley. Cultivating and promoting varieties that carry disease-resistant genes is one of the most powerful ways to minimize the disease’s effect on yield. However, as the BYMD virus mutates rapidly, resistance conferred by the two cloned R genes to the virus had been overcome by new virus strains. There is an urgent need for novel resistance genes in barley that convey sustainable resistance to newly emerging virus strains causing BYMD. Results A doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross of SRY01 (BYMD resistant wild barley) and Gairdner (BYMD susceptible barley cultivar) was used to explore for QTL of resistance to BYMD in barley. A total of six quantitative trait loci (qRYM-1H, qRYM-2Ha, qRYM-2Hb, qRYM-3H, qRYM-5H, and qRYM-7H) related to BYMD resistance were detected, which were located on chromosomes 1H, 2H, 3H, 5H, and 7H. Both qRYM-1H and qRYM-2Ha were detected in all environments. qRYM-1H was found to be overlapped with rym7, a known R gene to the disease, whereas qRYM-2Ha is a novel QTL on chromosome 2H originated from SRY01, explaining phenotypic variation from 9.8 to 17.8%. The closely linked InDel markers for qRYM-2Ha were developed which could be used for marker-assisted selection in barley breeding. qRYM-2Hb and qRYM-3H were stable QTL for specific resistance to Yancheng and Yangzhou virus strains, respectively. qRYM-5H and qRYM-7H identified in Yangzhou were originated from Gairdner. Conclusions Our work is focusing on a virus disease (barley yellow mosaic) of barley. It is the first report on BYMD-resistant QTL from wild barley accessions. One novel major QTL (qRYM-2Ha) for the resistance was detected. The consistently detected new genes will potentially serve as novel sources for achieving pre-breeding barley materials with resistance to BYMD.

scholarly journals The first three months of the COVID-19 epidemic: Epidemiological evidence for two separate strains of SARS-CoV-2 viruses spreading and implications for prevention strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut M. Wittkowski
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Peak Incidence ◽  
The U.S

AbstractAbout one month after the COVID-19 epidemic peaked in Mainland China and SARS-CoV-2 migrated to Europe and then the U.S., the epidemiological data begin to provide important insights into the risks associated with the disease and the effectiveness of intervention strategies such as travel restrictions and lockdowns (“social distancing”). Respiratory diseases, including the 2003 SARS epidemic, remain only about two months in any given population, although peak incidence and lethality can vary. The epidemiological data suggest that at least two strains of the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 virus have evolved during its migration from Mainland China to Europe. South Korea, Iran, Italy, and Italy’s neighbors were hit by the more dangerous “SKII” variant. While the epidemic in continental Asia is about to end, and in Europe about to level off, the more recent epidemic in the younger US population is still increasing, albeit not exponentially anymore. The peak level will likely depend on which of the strains has entered the U.S. first. The same models that help us to understand the epidemic also help us to choose prevention strategies. Containment of high-risk people, like the elderly, and reducing disease severity, either by vaccination or by early treatment of complications, is the best strategy against a respiratory virus disease. Lockdowns can be effective during the month following the peak incidence in infections, when the exponential increase of cases ends. Earlier containment of low-risk people merely prolongs the time the virus needs to circulate until the incidence is high enough to initiate “herd immunity”. Later containment is not helpful, unless to prevent a rebound if containment started too early.About the AuthorDr. Wittkowski received his PhD in computer science from the University of Stuttgart and his ScD (Habilitation) in Medical Biometry from the Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, both Germany. He worked for 15 years with Klaus Dietz, a leading epidemiologist who coined the term “reproduction number”, on the Epidemiology of HIV before heading for 20 years the Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design at The Rockefeller University, New York. Dr. Wittkowski is currently the CEO of ASDERA LLC, a company discovering novel interventions against complex (incl. coronavirus) diseases from data of genome-wide association studies.

scholarly journals AN UPDATE ON EVALUATION OF VIRUS STATUS IN THE HEIRLOOM SWEETPOTATO GERMPLASM MATERIALS WITH REAL-TIME PCR TECHNOLOGY

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 517D-517
Author(s):  
K.S. Ling ◽  
C.A. Clark ◽  
C. Kokkinos ◽  
J. R. Bohac ◽  
S.S. Hurtt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Potato Virus Disease ◽  
The U.S

Sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) is the most devastating virus disease on sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] world wide, especially in East Africa. However, weather it is present in the U.S. is unknown. SPVD is caused by co-infection of sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV). Presence of two other potyviruses, sweetpotato virus G (SPVG) and Ipomoea vein mosaic virus (IVMV) has also been confirmed in the U.S. Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV), a whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted Begomovirus, also has the potential to spread to commercial sweetpotato fields and poses a great threat to the sweetpotato industry. The U.S. collection of sweetpotato germplasm contains about 700 genotypes or breeding lines introduced from over 20 different countries. Newly introduced sweetpotato germplasm from foreign sources are routinely screened for major viruses with serology and graft-transmission onto indicator plants (Ipomoea setosa). However, a large portion of this collection including heirloom cultivars or old breeding materials has not been systemically screened for these major sweetpotato viruses. In this study, a total of 69 so-called heirloom sweetpotato PI accessions were evaluated for their virus status. We used Real-time PCR to detect five sweetpotato viruses, including four RNA viruses (SPCSV, SPFMV, SPVG, and IVMV) and one DNA virus (SPLCV). A multiplex Real-time RT-PCR system was developed to detect three RNA viruses (SPFMV, SPVG, and IVMV). Preliminary data indicated that about 15% of these heirloom sweetpotato germplasm carried at least one of these viruses tested. Details on virus infection status will be presented.

An in silico integrative protocol for identifying key genes and pathways useful to understand emerging virus disease pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 197986
Author(s):  
Gabriel Augusto Pires de Souza ◽  
Ezequiel Aparecido Salvador ◽  
Fernanda Roza de Oliveira ◽  
Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias ◽  
Jonatas Santos Abrahão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
Key Genes

scholarly journals Accelerating R&D for Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons Learnt From Ebola

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Li ◽  
Jingyi Chen ◽  
Jiyan Ma ◽  
Yangmu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Clinical Trial Registries ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Objective: The R&D explosion for Ebola virus disease (EVD) during the 2014-2016 outbreak led to the successful development of high-quality vaccines performed by China and the U.S. This study aims to compare the R&D activities of Ebola-related medical products in two countries, as a way to present the influential factors of R&D for emerging infectious disease (EID) and to provide suggestions for timely and efficient R&D response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: In this comparative study, R&D activities were analyzed in terms of research funding, scientific research outputs, R&D timeline, and government incentive and coordinated mechanisms. Quantitative analysis was performed using data retrieved from national websites, clinical trial registries and databases.Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore perspectives of fifteen key informants from EID field, especially of those involved in Ebola product development. Findings: The funding gap between China and the U.S. was significant before 2014 and narrowed after the Ebola outbreak. Both research teams started basic studies prior to the Ebola outbreak; however, the U.S. got FDA approval for clinical trials 5 months earlier than China. The underlying gap reveals the lack of participation and support by private sectors, the stagnant transformation platform, and the inadequate government incentives in China. Conclusion: R&D pre-planning and resource deployment mechanisms are crucial for EID preparedness and response. Funding should be allocated to support diversified R&D institutions for coping with the risks. Building private and public collaboration, and strengthening government support for clinical trials may accelerate the translation of basic research.

scholarly journals A virus disease of oats in Finland similar to oat sterile-dwarf disease

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Katri Ikäheimo
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Leafhopper Vector ◽  
Dwarf Disease ◽  
Dark Green

The leafhopper Calligypona pellucida F. transmits a virus that causes dark green colouration, dwarfing and excessive formation of side-shoots in oats. This disease is similar to oat sterile-dwarf but differs from wheat striate mosaic. The incubation time of oat sterile-dwarf virus in the vector varied from 7 to 37 days. This virus and the wheat striate mosaic virus can infect the same plant simultaneously and seem to overwinter in their leafhopper vector. It seems likely, that oat sterile dwarf became epidemic and caused great losses in yields of oats during some years of 1950 in western Finland.

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