Impact of Estrogens on the Regulation of White, Beige, and Brown Adipose Tissue Depots

2019 ◽  
pp. 457-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel B. Bernasochi ◽  
James R. Bell ◽  
Evan R. Simpson ◽  
Lea M.D. Delbridge ◽  
Wah Chin Boon
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose

Insulin selectively reduces mitochondrial uncoupling in brown adipose tissue in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 475 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake W. Dallon ◽  
Brian A. Parker ◽  
Aimee E. Hodson ◽  
Trevor S. Tippetts ◽  
Mitchell E. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Uncoupling ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
A Site

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of prolonged hyperinsulinemia on mitochondrial respiration and uncoupling in distinct adipose tissue depots. Sixteen-week-old male mice were injected daily with placebo or insulin to induce an artificial hyperinsulinemia for 28 days. Following the treatment period, mitochondrial respiration and degree of uncoupling were determined in permeabilized perirenal, inguinal, and interscapular adipose tissue. White adipose tissue (WAT) mitochondria (inguinal and perirenal) respire at substantially lower rates compared with brown adipose tissue (BAT). Insulin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in mitochondrial respiration in inguinal WAT (iWAT) and interscapular BAT (iBAT), but not in perirenal WAT (pWAT). Furthermore, these changes were accompanied by an insulin-induced reduction in UCP-1 (uncoupling protein 1) and PGC-1α in iWAT and iBAT only, but not in pWAT or skeletal muscle. Compared with adipose tissue mitochondria in placebo conditions, adipose tissue from hyperinsulinemic mice manifested a site-specific reduction in mitochondrial respiration probably as a result of reduced uncoupling. These results may help explain weight gain so commonly seen with insulin treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Brown adipose tissue in humans: regulation and metabolic significance

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. R11-R25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moe Thuzar ◽  
Ken K Y Ho
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Metabolic Significance

The recent discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) persists in adult humans has enkindled a renaissance in metabolic research, with a view of harnessing its thermogenic capacity to combat obesity. This review focuses on the advances in the regulation and the metabolic significance of BAT in humans. BAT activity in humans is stimulated by cold exposure and by several factors such as diet and metabolic hormones. BAT function is regulated at two levels: an acute process involving the stimulation of the intrinsic thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes and a chronic process of growth involving the proliferation of pre-existing brown adipocytes or differentiation to brown adipocytes of adipocytes from specific white adipose tissue depots. BAT activity is reduced in the obese, and its stimulation by cold exposure increases insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat. These observations provide strong evidence that BAT plays a significant role in energy balance in humans and has the potential to be harnessed as a therapeutic target for the management of obesity.

Preferential utilization of brown adipose tissue lipids during arousal from hibernation in hamsters

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. R506-R512 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nedergaard ◽  
B. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Preferential Utilization ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Tissue Lipids

The participation of brown adipose tissue in the arousal process of golden hamsters was studied. The utilization of lipids in different depots of brown adipose tissue was followed gravimetrically. From both the interscapular and the cervical brown adipose tissue depots, 28 mg of lipid were lost during arousal; there was no measurable loss of lipid from the white adipose tissue depots. The total weight of eight identified depots of brown adipose tissue in nonhibernating, cold-acclimated hamsters was estimated to be 1,700 mg, of which 475 g were lipid. It is calculated that a total of 255 mg lipid disappeared from brown adipose tissue during arousal; this lipid is theoretically capable of giving rise to 2.4 kcal (9.9 kJ) of heat. It is concluded that the heat produced by the combustion of the lipid that disappeared from the brown adipose tissue during the arousal process could be the major source of the heat needed to rewarm the hamster from hibernating to euthermic body temperatures.

Brown adipose tissue lipectomy leads to increased fat deposition in Osborne-Mendel rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (2) ◽  
pp. R231-R235 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Moore ◽  
T. Inokuchi ◽  
J. S. Stern ◽  
B. A. Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Metabolic Compensation ◽  
Brown Adipose

Inter- and subscapular brown adipose tissue depots were removed from nine female Osborne-Mendel rats. These lipectomized animals and nine sham-operated controls recovered from surgery for 7 days at 25 degrees C and were then placed on a highly palatable liquid diet. All animals were maintained for a 2nd wk at 25 degrees C before being switched to 8 degrees C. After 9 wk in the cold, animals were killed, and the brown adipose tissue was dissected from scapular, cervical, thoracic, perirenal, and axillary regions. Total brown fat pad mass, protein content, brown adipocyte number, citrate synthase activity, and beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity in each of the dissected brown fat depots were significantly less than those of the sham-operated controls. Thus there was incomplete metabolic compensation in the remaining brown fat depots after the removal of the scapular brown fat in the lipectomized rats. The mass and lipid content of the retroperitoneal white adipose depot were significantly increased in the lipectomized rats as was their carcass fat content (up 14%). Food intake of the lipectomized rats was slightly but significantly decreased. These data indicate that a reduction in the amount of functional brown fat is accompanied by increased body fat accretion and are thus consistent with the hypothesis that decreased brown adipose thermogenesis can lead to altered energy balance and increased white fat deposition.

Proglucagon-Derived Peptides, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4-Mechanisms of Action in Adipose Tissue

Endocrinology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline L Beaudry ◽  
Daniel J Drucker
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Intestinal Failure ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose

Abstract Proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs) and related gut hormones exemplified by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulate energy disposal and storage through actions on metabolically sensitive organs, including adipose tissue. The actions of glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2, GIP, and their rate-limiting enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4, include direct and indirect regulation of islet hormone secretion, food intake, body weight, all contributing to control of white and brown adipose tissue activity. Moreover, agents mimicking actions of these peptides are in use for the therapy of metabolic disorders with disordered energy homeostasis such as diabetes, obesity, and intestinal failure. Here we highlight current concepts and mechanisms for direct and indirect actions of these peptides on adipose tissue depots. The available data highlight the importance of indirect peptide actions for control of adipose tissue biology, consistent with the very low level of endogenous peptide receptor expression within white and brown adipose tissue depots. Finally, we discuss limitations and challenges for the interpretation of available experimental observations, coupled to identification of enduring concepts supported by more robust evidence.

Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Hannah Pallubinsky ◽  
Denis P. Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) can normalize hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Merkel ◽  
A Bartelt ◽  
K Brügelmann ◽  
J Heeren
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose
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